Table 1.
List of miRNAs involved in modulating the immune and inflammatory processes in diabetic nephropathy.
| miRNA |
Study phase |
Species |
Expression patterns in DN |
Target gene |
Biological functional |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-146a | Preclinical | C57BL6 mice | Down-regulated | IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1)/TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) gene | NF-κB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-18) ↑, M1 macrophage↑, M2 macrophages↓ inflammation↑ | Wu et al., 2019 |
| miR-21 | Clinical study | SV129 mice Human |
Up-regulated | Cell division cycle 25a (Cdc25a)/cyclin dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6) gene |
M2 macrophage↓, M1 macrophage infiltration↑, inflammation↑ | Kolling et al., 2017 |
| miR-19b-3p | Preclinical | BALB/c mice C57BL/6J mice |
Up-regulated | Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) gene | M1 phenotype polarization, tubulointerstitial inflammation↑ | Lv et al., 2019 |
| miR-23a | Preclinical | C57BL/6 mice | Up-regulated | Ubiquitin editor A20/interferon regulatory factor 1 gene | M1 macrophage activation, tubulointerstitial inflammation↑ | Li Z. L. et al., 2019 |
| miR-802 | Clinical study | C57BL/6J mice Human |
Up-regulated | NF-κB-repressing factor (NRF) gene | NF-κB activation, IL-8↓, M1 macrophage activation, inflammation↑ | Sun D. et al., 2019 |
| miR-150 | Preclinical | C57/BL6 mice | Up-regulated | Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) gene | Th17 cells ↑, IL-17A ↑, renal immune response↑ | Sang et al., 2016 |
| miR-202-3p | Preclinical | NOD mice | Up-regulated | Chemokine receptor 7 (Ccr7) gene/Cd247 (Cd3 zeta chain) gene | Infiltrating T lymphocytes↑, renal autoimmunity and injury↑ | Fornari et al., 2015 |
| miR-29b | Preclinical | db/db mice | Down-regulated | Sp1 gene (inflammation) T-bet gene (immune) |
NF-κB-driven renal inflammation↑; CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 cell infiltration↑, Th1-associated renal immune injury↑ | Chen et al., 2014 |
| miR-27a | Preclinical | db/db mice | Up-regulated | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) gene | Inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-8)↑, diabetic renal inflammatory response↑ | Song et al., 2018 |
| miR-455-3p | Preclinical | Sprague-Dawley rat | Down-regulated | Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) gene | Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1β) ↑, diabetic renal inflammatory response↑ | Wu et al., 2018 |
| miR-374a | Clinical study | Human | Down-regulated | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene | MCP-1↑, diabetic renal inflammatory response↑ | Yang et al., 2018 |
| miR-223 | Preclinical | BALB/c mice | Up-regulated | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene | NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) ↑, renal inflammatory response↑ | Chen et al., 2012 |
| miR-544 | Preclinical | db/db mice | Down-regulated | Fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene | NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) ↑, renal inflammatory response↑ | Sun T. et al., 2019 |
| miR-346 | Preclinical | db/db mice | Down-regulated | Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene; Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 3/4 (SMAD3/4) gene | Inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IL-18 and TNF-α) stabilization and secretion↑, renal inflammatory response↑ | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| miR-20b | Clinical study | Human | Down-regulated | Kruppel-like Factor 10 (KLF10) gene | Inflammatory cytokine IL-18↑, renal inflammatory response↑ | Zitman-Gal et al., 2014 |
| miR-130a | Preclinical | Sprague-Dawley rats | Down-regulated | Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene | Inflammatory cytokine (IL-18, interferon-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α)↑, tubulointerstitial inflammation↑ | Gu et al., 2019 |
| miR-379/411 cluster | Preclinical | MPM cell lines | Down-regulated | IL-18 gene | Inflammatory cytokine (IL-18, interferon-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α)↑, tubulointerstitial inflammation↑ | Yamamoto et al., 2014 |
| miR-31 | Clinical study | Human | Down-regulated | E-selectin gene | Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1↑, renal inflammation↑ |
Rovira-Llopis et al., 2018 |
| miR-29c | Preclinical | Human/db/db mice | Up-regulated | Tristetraprolin (TTP) gene | Inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α)↑, renal inflammation↑ | Long et al., 2011 |
| miR-1908 | Clinical study | Human | Down-regulated | TGF-β1 gene | NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the adhesion molecule ICAM-1↑, glomerular macrophage secretion and T cell infiltration↑, renal inflammation↑ | Xie et al., 2015 |
| miR-141/200a cluster | Preclinical | C57/BL6 mice | Down-regulated | TGF-β2 gene | Wang et al., 2011 | |
| miR-451 | Preclinical | db/db mice | Down-regulated | Large multifunctional protease 7 (LMP7) gene | NF-κB activation, chemokines, effector molecules of immunity, inflammatory cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules (TNF-a, IL-18, Myd88, and ICAM-1)↑, renal immune and inflammation response↑ | Sun et al., 2016 |
| miR-221/222 cluster | Clinical study | Human | Up-regulated | Adipokine gene | Adiponectin expression↓, inflammatory markers (VCAM-1, TNF, TGF-β1)↑, tubular, glomerular, and interstitial inflammation↑ | Al-Rawaf, 2019 |
Preclinical, Research involving animals and cells; Clinical study, Research involving human specimens.