Table 5.

Data extraction.

Author name and year	Study design	Intervention	Location	Participant	Duration	Measured inflammatory activity	Co-morbidity type	Outcome	Statistical significance
Alkhalaf et al. (23)	RCTs	Benfotiamine (e) or placebo (c)	Netherlands, 1 outpatient clinic	86 males: 39 (e) 43 (c); age: 40–75 years Health status: T2DM, UAE	12 weeks	Hs-CRP, serum amyloid A (sAA), myeloperoxidase (MPO)	Diabetic nephropathy	Intervention insignificant on chronic low-grade inflammation	All p > 0.05
Choi et al. (24)	RCTs	Exercise (e) and control (c) groups	Korea, 1 School of Medicine	80 Females: 38 (e) 37 (c), age: 54.4 ± 6.6 years Health status: T2DM, <2 kg, sedentary lifestyle	12 weeks	sRAGE, Hs-CRP, IL-6	Vascular complications, cardiometabolic risk	Decreased hs-CRP, IL-6, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, glucose, AST, apolipoprotein B, and free fatty acid	sRAGE to Hs-CRP (p = 0.019; r = −0.27)
Homayouni et al. (25)	RCTs	Hesperidin supplement or placebo	Iran, 1 University Medical Clinic	Total: 64; Male: Female: Age: 30–65 years Health status: T2DM, BMI <30	6 weeks	TNF-α, IL-6, hs-CRP, total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC)	Vascular complications	Reduced levels of inflammatory markers	IL-6 (p = 0.001) and hs-CRP increased (p < 0.000), TAC (p < 0.000) decreased
Schell et al. (26)	Randomized crossover study	Dietary raspberries	USA, 1 Clinical Assessment Unit	Total: 25 Male: 5 Female: 20 Age: 54 ± 4.2 years Health status: T2DM, waist circumference (men: >102, women: >89 cm)	2 days postprandial phase 1 week apart A 1-week washout phase. 10-week “diet supplement phase” of 4 weeks with 2 weeks apart	(IL)-6 and hs-TNF-α	Vascular complications	Red raspberries significantly improved postprandial hyperglycemia and selected markers of inflammation	All p > 0.05
Barzilay et al. (27)	RCTs	Salsalate	USA	Total: 227 ≥75 years Male: 130 Female: 97 Health status: T2DM, HBA1c: 7–9.5	48 weeks	CRP, TNF-α, WBC types	Vascular complications	Lowered HbA1c, reduction in WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts indicated anti-inflammatory role. Changes in furosine was positive with CRP and TNF changes but not other glycation products	p > 0.05 for CRP and TNF for furosine changes in salsalate users
Kadoglou et al. (28)	RCTs	Aerobic training program (exercise)	Greece	Total: 60 Male: 26 Female: 34 Age: 61.64 ± 4.9 years Health status: T2DM, obese, HBA1c: 6.5–8.5, no diabetic angiopathy, postmenopausal women	6 months (four times/week, 45–60 min/session)	hs-CRP, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α	Cardiovascular risk, without vascular complications	Exercise training improved metabolic profile and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in T2DM	Reduced CRP (p = 0.04) and IL-18 (p = 0.02). Increased IL-10 (p = 0.039); suppressed IL-18/IL-10 ratio (p = 0.014)
Krysiak et al. (29)	RCTs	Simvastatin, fenofibrate, simvastatin + fenofibrate, and placebo	Poland, 1 large Teaching Hospital	Total: 190 Age: 25–75 years Male: 108 Female: 82 Health status: untreated T2DM	180 days−90 days lifestyle modification and 90 days for the intervention	TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1, plasma C reactive protein levels	Systemic inflammation, atherogenic dyslipidemia	Simvastatin and fenofibrate decreased monocyte release of TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1, and lymphocyte release of IL-2, plasma C reactive protein levels. Anti-inflammatory effects of fenofibrate partly correlated with the improvement in insulin sensitivity	All significant (p = 0.001), but weakly correlated for fenofibrate alone on hs-CRP (r = 0.20 to 0.29, p = 0.001)
Zarezadeh et al. (30)	RCTs	Ginger powder and wheat flour	Iran, 1 large Teaching Hospital	Total: 48 Age: 30–60 years (both genders) Male: Female: Health status: T2DM b/w 1 and 10 years	10 weeks	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)	Vascular complications, cardiovascular disease	Ginger supplementation decreased sICAM-1 and ADMA after intervention but was marginally significant	Ginger supplement decreased sICAM-1 marginally (p = 0.097)
Mizoguchi et al. (31)	RCTs	31 pioglitazone-treated and 21 glimepiride-treated patients. Serial 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging	Japan, 1 large Teaching Hospital	Total: 56 Age: 60–76 years Male: 39 Female: 13 Health Status: T2DM	4 months	hs-CRP	Impaired glucose tolerance, atherosclerotic plaque inflammation	High-sensitivity C reactive protein was decreased by pioglitazone, whereas it was increased by glimepiride	h-CRP levels decreased by pioglitazone (P < 0.01) but increased marginally by glimepiride(p < 0.05)