Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the key variables.

Continuous variables	Total (N = 390)			Male (N = 176)		Female (N = 214)
	Cronbach's alpha	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t
Age	–	19.09	1.47	19.11	1.79	19.04	1.14	0.45
Life satisfaction	0.86	4.10	1.16	4.03	1.14	4.16	1.18	1.15
Depression	0.87	1.95	0.54	1.98	0.51	1.93	0.57	−0.90
Sleep disturbance	0.81	0.65	0.54	0.71	0.53	0.61	0.54	−1.88
Sleep latency	–	1.29	1.05	1.40	1.06	1.20	1.04	−1.84
Perceived academic performance	–	3.00	0.75	2.91	0.83	3.07	0.67	2.12
Specific parenting behaviors
Reactive restriction	0.88	1.71	0.82	1.90	0.89	1.54	0.72	−4.32***
Internet-specific rules	0.92	3.24	0.99	3.22	0.97	3.25	1.01	0.39
Limiting online behavior	0.77	1.97	0.77	2.10	0.80	1.86	0.73	−3.09**
Communication about the internet	0.74	3.09	0.92	3.01	0.90	3.16	0.93	1.55
Co-use	0.84	2.25	0.89	2.17	0.86	2.31	0.92	1.55
Parent-adherence	0.82	2.47	0.82	2.54	0.83	2.41	0.81	−1.54
SNA	0.72	2.80	2.21	2.96	2.36	2.66	2.08	−1.30

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.