TABLE 4.
Natural products that lower serum uric acid based on in vivo and in vitro studies.
| Type | Model | Natural product | Inducer | Animal/cell | Major findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo | HUA | Clerodendranthus spicatus | Oteracil potassium | Mice | N/A | Chen et al. (2020b) |
| In vivo | HUA | Sunflower head enzymatic hydrolysate | PO, yeast | Mice | XOD, ADA, URAT1 | Liu et al. (2020) |
| In vivo | HUA | Macroporous Resin extract of Dendrobium candidum leaves | PO, adenine, yeast | SD rats | XOD, ADA, TLR4, NF-κB | Lou et al. (2020) |
| In vivo | Hyperuricemic nephropathy | Ethanol extract of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg barks | Adenine and PO | Mice | OAT1, OAT3, ABCG2 | Pan et al. (2020) |
| In vivo | HUA | Eucommia ulmoides Oliver | Mice: Oxonic acid potassium salt, rats: hypoxanthine | Mice, rats | URAT1, OAT1, OAT3, GLUT9 | Fang et al. (2019) |
| In vivo | HUA | Smilax glabra extracts | PO | Mice | XOD, OAT1, OCTN2 | Huang et al. (2019b) |
| In vivo and in vitro | HUA | Alpinia oxyphylla seed extract | PO | Rats, oocytes | XO, URAT1, OAT1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Lee et al. (2019b) |
| In vivo | Chronic HUA and gout | Rhizoma smilacis glabrae extracts | PO and MSU | Mice | XO, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α | Liang et al. (2019) |
| In vivo | HUA | The extract of O. Sativa | PO | SD rats | XO | Liu et al. (2019) |
| In vivo | Acute gouty arthritis | Ethanolic extract of Polygonum cuspidatum | MSU | Mice | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 | Ma et al. (2019a) |
| In vivo | Uric acid-induced renal damage | Polygonum cuspidatum | Adenine administering and yeast feeding | SD rats | AMPK, FOXO3α, TLR4, NLRP3, MCP-1 | Ma et al. (2019b) |
| In vivo | Uric acid-induced renal damage | Polygonum cuspidatum | Adenine, yeast | SD rats | AMPK, FOXO3α, TLR4, NLRP3, MCP1 | Ma et al. (2019c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Chrysanthemum extract | PO | SD rats | XOD, ABCG2, URAT1, GLUT9, IL-1β, TNF-α | Peng et al. (2019) |
| In vivo | HUA | The flavonoid-rich fraction from rhizomes of Smilax glabra Roxb. | Yeast pellets and adenine | SD rats | ABCG2, OAT1, OCT2, OCTN2, URAT1, GLUT9 | Wang et al. (2019a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) | Fructose | SD rats | URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, OAT3 | Wang et al. (2019d) |
| In vivo | HUA and acute gouty arthritis | Terminthia paniculata extract | PO and MSU | Mice | XO | Yang et al. (2019c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Highly acylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato | PO | Mice | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, ICAM1, COX-2, NF-κB | Zhang et al. (2019c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethanol extract of Dendropanax morbifera leaf | PO | Mice | XO | Cho et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | Diabetic kidney disease | Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. | Unilateral nephrectomy, high fat diet feeding | SD rats | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 | Lu et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethanol extract of Cudrania tricuspidata leaf | PO | Mice | XO | Song et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | Hypouricemic and nephroprotective | Polyrhachis Vicina Roger | PO | SD rats | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, SOD, MDA, XOD, URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1 | Su et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | HUA | Lagotis brachystachys Maxim extract | PO | Mice | URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1 | Xiong et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | HUA | Toona sinensis leaf extract | PO | Rats | XO | Yuk et al. (2018) |
| In vivo | HUA | Chaenomeles sinensis fruit extract | PO | Mice | URAT1, OAT1 | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Fraxini cortex | Hypoxanthine and PO | SD rats | URAT1,GLUT9 | Zhou et al. (2018a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Selaginella tamariscina | Xanthine, PO and MSU | Rats | N/A | Chen et al. (2017a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati and Ramulus Cinnamomi | Hypoxanthine, ethambutol and PO | SD rats | XO | Han et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | HUA | Salvia plebeia extract | PO | Mice | XO | Kim et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | Gouty arthritis | Mollugo pentaphylla extract | MSU | Mice | TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, NF-κB | Lee et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | HUA and gout | Sunflower head extract | PO and MSU | Mice | XO | Li et al. (2017a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Aristolochia bracteolata extracts | PO | Rats | XO | Li et al. (2017b) |
| In vivo | HUA | Total flavonoids of Humulus lupulus | PO | Mice | XO | Li et al. (2017c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Chicory | D-fructose | SD rats | ABCG2 | Wang et al. (2017a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Chicory extract | Fructose | SD rats | GLUT9 | Wang et al. (2017b) |
| In vivo | HUA and gout | Cortex fraxini | PO, yeast and adenine | SD rats | N/A | Wang et al. (2017c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Plantago depressa Willd extract | PO | SD rats | XOD | Xia et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ganoderma applanatum extracts | Hypoxanthine and PO | Mice | XO, URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1 | Yong et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | HUA | Quercus acuta Thunb. extract | PO | Mice | XO | Yoon et al. (2017a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethanol extracts of Camellia japonica leaf | PO | Mice | XO | Yoon et al. (2017b) |
| In vivo | HUA and acute gouty arthritis | Gnaphalium affine D. Don extract | PO and MSU | Mice | XO, GLUT9, URAT1 | Zhang et al. (2017a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ginkgo folium | Fructose | SD rats | N/A | Zhang et al. (2017b) |
| In vivo | HUA | Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron. | PO | SD rats | XOD, MDA, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1β | Zhao et al. (2017) |
| In vivo | HUA | Dioscorea tokoro Makino extract | PO | Mice | XOD, URAT1, OAT1 | Fei et al. (2016) |
| In vivo and in vitro | HUA | Mesona procumbens extracts | THP-1 cells: MSU, mice: PO, SD rats: streptozocin | THP-1 cells, mice, rats | XO, OAT1, GLUT9 | Jhang et al. (2016) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethyl acetate fraction of Dimocarpus longan Lour. extracts | PO | Mice | XO | Sheu et al. (2016) |
| In vivo and in vitro | HUA | Synsepalum dulcificum | Mice: PO, cells: MSU | Mice, RAW264.7 cells | XO | Shi et al. (2016b) |
| In vivo | HUA | Dendropanaxchevalieri extracts | PO | Mice | XOD, URAT1, GLUT9 | Wang et al. (2016a) |
| In vivo | HUA | Tradescantia albiflora Kunth extracts | PO | Rats | XO | Wang et al. (2016c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Cortex fraxini | PO, yeast and adenine | Rats | N/A | Wang et al. (2016e) |
| In vivo | HUA | Cordyceps militaris | PO and hypoxanthine | Mice | XO, URAT1 | Yong et al. (2016) |
| In vivo | HUA | The ethanolic extracts of Corylopsis coreana Uyeki | PO | Mice | XO | Yoon et al. (2016) |
| In vivo | HUA | Leaves of Perilla frutescens | PO | Mice | XO | Huo et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethanol extracts from Dioscoreae nipponicae rhizoma | Hypoxanthine and PO | Mice | N/A | Shan et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Rhododendron oldhamii maxim. Leaf extracts | PO | Mice | N/A | Tung et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Smilax riparia | PO | Mice | URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1 | Wu et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Lagotis brevituba Maxim. extract | PO | Mice | XOD, OAT1, URAT1, GLUT9 | Zeng et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Total saponins from Discorea nipponica makino | Adenine and ethambutol | Rats | OAT1, OAT3, URAT1 | Zhou et al. (2015) |
| In vivo | HUA | Phytochemicals from Davallia formosana | PO | Mice | XO | Chen et al. (2014a) |
| In vivo and in vitro | HUA | Smilacis glabrae rhizoma | PO and uric acid | SD rats, HUVECs | Catalase | Hong et al. (2014) |
| In vivo | HUA | Poecilobdella manillensis | Hypoxanthine | Mice | N/A | Liu et al. (2014b) |
| In vivo | Gouty arthritis | Rhizoma Dioscoreae nipponicae | MSU | Rats | SDF-1, CXCR4, p38, IL-1β, MKK 3/6 | Lu et al. (2014) |
| In vivo | HUA | Rhizoma Dioscoreae septemlobae extracts | PO | Mice | OAT1, URAT1, OCT2, XO | Su et al. (2014) |
| In vivo | HUA | Smilax riparia | PO | Mice | URAT1 | Wu et al. (2014c) |
| In vivo | HUA | Leonurus | PO | SD rats | URAT1, GLUT9, OCT, OCTN | Yan et al. (2014) |
| In vivo and in vitro | Gouty arthritis | Dolichos falcata Klein | MSU | SD rats, raw 264.7 cells | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Chen et al. (2013b) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ethanol extract of Fructus Gardenia | PO | Mice | URAT1, ABCG2, GLUT9, OAT1, OAT3, OIT3, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, OCTN2 | Hu et al. (2013b) |
| In vivo | HUA and gout | The crude extract of Jatropha isabellei | PO and MSU | Rats | XO | Silva et al. (2013) |
| In vivo | HUA | Petroleum ether fraction of Polyrhachis vicina Roger | Hypoxanthine | Mice | XOD | Wei et al. (2013) |
| In vivo | HUA | Rhizoma smilacis glabrae | Hypoxanthine | SD rats | N/A | Xu et al. (2013) |
| In vivo | HUA | Balanophora laxiflora extracts and derived phytochemicals | PO | Mice | XO | Ho et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | HUA | Longan seed extract | PO and hypoxanthine | SD rats | GLUT1, GLUT9, XO | Hou et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | Gouty arthritis | Ethanol extract from Mangifera indica | MSU | SD rats | TNF-α, IL-1β | Jiang et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | HUA | Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extracts | PO | SD rats | XOD | Kuo et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | HUA | Ramulus Mori ethanol extract | PO | Mice | URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, OCTN2 | Shi et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | Acute gouty arthritis | Rhizoma Dioscoreae nipponicae | MSU and hypoxanthine | Rats | TRAIL, Neuropilin-2, MMP-13 | Yao et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | HUA | The methanol extract from Prunus mume fruit | PO | Mice | XO | Yi et al. (2012) |
| In vivo | HUA | Casein or soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil | PO and uric acid | Rats | NO, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Nitrotyrosine | Lo et al. (2010) |
| In vivo | Gouty arthritis | Extract of Paederia scandens (LOUR.) MERRILL (Rubiaceae) | MSU | SD rats | TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB | Ma et al. (2009) |
Abbreviations can be referred to Table 3. ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule one; IFN, interferon; AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; FOXO3α, forkhead box O3 alpha; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1; CXCR4, SDF-1 receptor; MKK, mitogen-activated kinase; TRAIL, the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.