TABLE 5.

Herbal formulas that lower serum uric acid based on in vivo and in vitro studies.

Type	Model	Herbal formula	Inducer	Animal/cell	Major findings	References
In vivo	HUA and hyperlipidemia	Dendrobium officinalis Six Nostrum	PO and hihg-fat sorghum feed	SD rats	XOD, ADA, LPL, FABP1, HPRT1, NLRP3, Caspase-1, TLR4	Guo et al. (2020)
In vivo	Gouty arthritis	Simiao decoction	Yeast, MSU	Mice	NLRP3, ACS, caspase1, XOD, ADA, IL- 1α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-9, IL-12, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; MCP-1, TNF-α, STAT3, APOB, caspase 8, c-FOS, PPARα, FN1, LPL, MIP-1α, MIP-1β	Lin et al. (2020)
In vivo	Acute gouty arthritis with HUA	Tu-Teng-Cao	PO, MSU	SD rats	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β	Yao et al. (2020)
In vivo	HUA	Erding granules	PO	Mice	N/A	Zuo et al. (2020)
In vivo	HUA	TongFengTangSan	PO	SD rats	XOD	Chen et al. (2019b)
In vivo	HUA	Alismatis Rhizoma and Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae decotion	PO, adenine	SD rats	XOD, URAT1	Cheng et al. (2019)
In vivo	HUA	Er Miao wan	Fructose	SD rats	N/A	Huang et al. (2019a)
In vivo	Renal stones	Huashi pill	Ethylene glycol, ammonium chloride, calcium gluconate	SD rats	Osteopontin	Yang et al. (2019a)
In vivo	HUA	Modified Chuanhu anti-gout mixture	PO	Mice	XOD, URAT1	You et al. (2019)
In vivo	Acute gouty arthritis	Jia-Wei-Si-Miao-Wan	Monosodium urate	Rats	TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-18	Yuan et al. (2019)
In vivo	HUA	Erding granule	PO	Mice, SD rats	GLUT9, OAT1, URAT1	Zhang et al. (2019a)
In vivo and in vitro	HUA and acute gouty arthritis	The Selaginella moellendorffii prescription	PO, adenine, MSU, LPS	Mice, rats, RAW264.7 cells	NO, NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, PGE-2, IL-8	Zhang et al. (2019b)
In vivo	Acute gouty arthritis	Tongfengning capsule	MSU	Rats	TNF-α, IL-1β	Fan et al. (2018)
In vivo	T2DM	Spleen-kidney supplementing formula	High-fat diet, low-dose streptozotocin	Wistar rats	TGF-β1, miR-21, PTEN	Tian et al. (2018)
In vivo	HUA	Ermiaowan	Xanthine and oxonic acid potassium salt	Rats	N/A	Wei et al. (2018)
In vivo	HUA	Compound tufuling granules		Rats	TNF-α, IL-1β	Wu et al. (2018a)
In vivo	HUA	ShiZhiFang	PO	SD rats	XOD, OAT1, OAT3	Wu et al. (2018b)
In vivo	HUA	Erding formula	Hypoxanthine and PO	Mice	URAT1, OAT3	Zuo et al. (2018)
In vivo	HUA	Qi-Zhu-Xie-Zhuo-Fang	Adenine and PO	Rats	XO, E-cadherin, α-SMA	Huijuan et al. (2017)
In vivo	HUA	Shizhifang	PO	SD rats	TXNIP, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, ROS	Wu et al. (2017)
In vivo	HUA	Quzhuotongbi decoction	Yeast	SD rats	N/A	Chen et al. (2016a)
In vivo	Gouty arthritis	Zisheng Shenqi decoction	MSU	Rats	IL-1β, TNF-α, IκB, NF-κB, NALP1, NALP6, ROS	Han et al. (2016)
In vivo	HUA	RuPeng15 powder	PO	SD rats	XO	Kou et al. (2016)
In vivo	Gouty arthritis	Xiaofeng granules	MSU	SD rats, rabbits	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, ADAMTS-4, TIMP-3	Shi et al. (2016a)
In vivo	HUA	Siwu decoction	PO	Mice	XO, URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, ABCG2, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, OCTN2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β	Wang et al. (2016b)
In vivo	HUA	Jianpi Huashi decoction	PO	Rats	XO	Wang et al. (2016d)
In vivo and in vitro	Gout	Sanmiao formula	Animals: PO and cold bath, cells: MSU	SD rats, rabbits, primary chondrocyte	IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-3, TIMP-1, ADAMTS-4, TIMP-3	Zhu et al. (2016)
In vivo	HUA	Karapxa decoction	Yeast and PO	Mice	XO	Amat et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA	Ermiao pill	PO	SD rats	XO	Chen et al. (2015b)
In vivo	HUA	Si-Wu-Tang and Er-Miao-San	PO and adenine	SD rats	XO, OAT1, OAT3	Guo et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA	Shuang-Qi gout capsule	PO	Mice	URAT1, OAT1, OCT1, OCT2, ABCG2, OCTN1, OCTN2, GLUT9	Kodithuwakku et al. (2015)
In vivo	Gouty arthritis	RuPeng15 powder	MSU	SD rats	NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8	Kou et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA	Compound tufuling granules	Yeast and PO	Mice	GLUT9	Liu et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA and metabolic syndrome	Simiao pill	Fructose	SD rats	Nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, Sirt1, NF-κB, IL-1β, NLRP3, ACS, caspase1	Ma et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA	Xie-Zhuo-Chu-Bi-Fang	Adenine and PO	Mice	URAT1, miR-34a	Sun et al. (2015)
In vivo	HUA	Wuling san	Fructose	Mice	URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1, OCT1, OCT2	Yang et al. (2015)
In vivo	Urate nephropathy	Compound qingqin liquid	Adenine and PO	SD rats	TLR2, TLR4	Chen et al. (2014c)
In vivo	HUA	Modified Simiao wan	Oxonic acid potassium salt, hypoxanthine	SD rats	XOD	Pan et al. (2014)
In vivo	HUA	Compound qingqin liquid	Adenine and PO	SD rats	COX-2	Shang et al. (2014)
In vivo	HUA	Jianpihuashi decoction	PO	SD rats	XO	Chen et al. (2013a)
In vivo	HUA	Wuling san	PO	Mice	URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN2	Ding et al. (2013)
In vivo and in vitro	Gout arthritis	Shuang-Qi gout capsule	MSU	Mice, SD rats, HUVECs	TNF-α, IL-1β	Kodithuwakku et al. (2013)
In vivo	HUA	Tongfeng granule	Adenine and ethambutol	Rats	N/A	Liu et al. (2013)
In vivo	HUA	Jieduxiezhuo decoction	Uric acid	Mice	N/A	Pan et al. (2013)
In vivo and in vitro	MSU-induced inflammation	Modified Simiaowan	MSU	Mice, HUVECs	ICAM-1	Shi et al. (2013)
In vivo	HUA	Tongxi powder	Uric acid	Mice	N/A	Yang et al. (2013)
In vivo	HUA	Modified Simiao decoction	PO	Mice	XO, URAT1, OAT1, SOD, MDA	Hua et al. (2012)
In vivo	Acute gouty arthritis	Compound Shuiniujiao	MSU	SD rats	N/A	Cao et al. (2011)
In vivo	HUA	Simiao pill	PO	Mice	URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, OCT1, OCT2, OCTN1, OCTN2	Hu et al. (2010)
In vivo	HUA	Danggui Buxue Tang	Adenine, ethambutol	Rats	NO, NOS, SOD, MDA	Li et al. (2010)
In vivo	HUA	Ermiao pill	Oxygen hydrochloride acid potassium salt	Mice	XOD, URAT1	Lü et al. (2010)
In vivo	HUA	Sanmiao wan	PO	Mice	XOD, URAT1	Wang et al. (2010b)

Abbreviations can be referred to Tables 3, 4. FABP1, fatty acid-binding protein; HPRT1, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; APOB, apolipoprotein B; FOS, one subunit of activator protien-1; FN1, fibronectin1; MIP-1α, MIP-1 β, serum proinflammatory cytokines; TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting proteins; PTEN, phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromsome ten; NALP1/6, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein one and six; ADAMTs, a family of metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; CD2AP, CD2-associated protein.