Table 1.
Cohort characteristics.
| Liver fat ≤5% and low alcohol consumption∗ | NAFLD | p value | p value (adjusted) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 4,122 | 1,204 | – | – |
| Females, % | 58.69 | 46.51 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| Age, years | 62.58 (7.68) | 62.90 (7.48) | 0.202 | – |
| Weight, kg | 71.88 (13.14) | 86.32 (15.68) | <0.001 | 0.224 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.35 (3.88) | 30.14 (4.76) | <0.001 | – |
| Overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2), % | 48.30 | 88.21 | <0.001 | 0.990 |
| Visceral adipose tissue volume, L | 2.96 (1.81) | 5.67 (2.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue volume, L | 6.58 (2.99) | 9.29 (3.76) | <0.001 | 0.023 |
| Appendicular lean mass/height2, kg/m2 | 7.11 (1.14) | 7.94 (1.29) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Liver fat, % | 1.79 (1.27–2.67) | 8.92 (6.51–13.50) | <0.001 | – |
| Muscle composition | ||||
| Fat-tissue free muscle volume (FFMV), L | 9.89 (2.47) | 10.99 (2.56) | <0.001 | 0.846 |
| Muscle volume z-score (FFMVVCG), SD | −0.05 (1.02) | −0.02 (0.94) | 0.385 | 0.292 |
| Muscle fat infiltration (MFI), % | 7.21 (1.82) | 8.03 (2.08) | <0.001 | 0.453 |
| Adverse muscle composition, % | 9.39 | 14.04 | <0.001 | 0.657 |
| Only high muscle fat, % | 10.55 | 23.75 | <0.001 | 0.185 |
| Only low muscle volume, % | 18.32 | 9.88 | <0.001 | 0.382 |
| Normal muscle composition, % | 61.74 | 52.33 | <0.001 | 0.870 |
| Functional performance and metabolic comorbidity | ||||
| Sarcopenia, % | 3.44 | 1.58 | 0.001 | 0.874 |
| Low hand grip strength, % | 6.79 | 6.64 | 0.874 | 0.898 |
| Slow walking pace, % | 4.25 | 8.97 | <0.001 | 0.811 |
| No stair climbing, % | 7.84 | 9.88 | 0.024 | 0.542 |
| More than 1 fall in the past year, % | 4.83 | 6.23 | 0.055 | 0.906 |
| Coronary heart disease (prevalent), % | 4.29 | 7.81 | <0.001 | 0.164 |
| Coronary heart disease (incident), % | 1.48 | 2.24 | 0.055 | 0.787 |
| Type 2 diabetes, % | 3.30 | 13.21 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean (SD); for liver fat data are presented as median (IQR). The p values represent comparison between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and participants without fatty liver and excess alcohol consumption tested using two-proportions z-test (binary variables), Wilcoxon signed-rank test (continous variables) and logistic/linear regression adjusted for sex, age and BMI. The p values >0.05 are presented as n.s. (non-significant).
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; VCG, virtual control group adjusted.
∗
Low alcohol consumption defined as <14/21 units/week (females/males).19