Table 2.
Study characteristics and dengue positivity among bats.
| Animal Types | Country | Location | Site Setting | Study Period | Dengue RT-PCR Positive Only (%); Serotype | Dengue Serology Positive Only (%); Serotype | Serological Test Type; Serotype Tested | Human Dengue Cases; Serotype | Dengue Serotype (Mosquitoes) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bats | Mexico | Colima & Jialisco (Pacific Coast) | Urban/rural | 2005 | 5/40 (12.5) | ELISA; Unspecified | 2339 cases reported in 2005–2006 | [46] | ||
| Veracruz (Gulf Coast) | 2006 | 4/30 (13.3); D2 | 4/46 (8.7) | 7272 cases reported in 2005–2006; D2 outbreak in 2006 | ||||||
| Bats | Mexico | Calakmul Biosphere Reserve |
Forest | 2010–2011 | 4/85 (4.7); D2 | Reported among human populations (20 km away); D1,2,4 | [58] | |||
| Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve | 2/61 (3.3); D2 | |||||||||
| Bats | Mexico | Morelos, Central Mexico |
Urban/Rural | 2011–2012 | 0/149 | 0/149 | PRNT; Tested for D2/4 only | 196 cases reported in 2011–2012; Endemic with D1,2 | [52] | |
| Campeche, South-east Mexico | Forest | 2012 | 0/91 | 0/91 | 764 cases reported in 2012 in the city; Endemic with D1,2 | |||||
| Bats | Mexico | Progreso, Hidalgo (Cave Roost) | Urban/rural | 2014–2015 | 8/16 (50); D2 (NS5)* | [48] | ||||
| Bats | China | Shankouxiang, Mei Wen Village, Hainan Island | Urban/rural | 1995 | 23/56 (41.1%) | 16/20 (80); D2 | ELISA; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | Outbreaks recorded from 1980 to 1982, 1986–1991 (Coastal region of dengue region), with each outbreak affecting hundreds of thousand | 1/3 lots [1/30 (3.3) – 10/30 (33.3)] of female Aedes aegypti captured from endemic area positive by RT-PCR (NS1) | [47] |
| Bats | French Guiana | le Camp du Tigre | Forest | 2001, 2006, 2007 | 19/125 (15.2); D1,2,3 D1.G1 (C/prM)* |
Active outbreaks of D1/2/3 since 1991, sporadic detection of D4; Dengue endemic. | [44] | |||
| Site of Sain Georges de l'pyapock | Edge of forest & rural area | 2006, 2007 | 0/16 | Dengue practically absent in this rural site. | ||||||
| Bats | Costa Rica | La Virgen from Sarapiquı (rural households) | Urban/rural | 2013–2014 | 6/102 (5.9); D2.Asian/American (C/prM)⁎⁎, D3, D4.G2 (C/prM)⁎ | 23/75 (30.7); D1,2,3 | PRNT; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | 16.7% seroprevalence (4/24) | D3 (Culex sp) | [51] |
| Nicoya (semi-urban households) | 6/98 (6.1); D2.Asian/America (C/prM), D4.G2 (C/prM)⁎ | 14/82 (17.1); D1,2,3,4 | 82.6% seroprevalence (19/23) | |||||||
| Central Valley (urban households) | 16/118 (13.6); D1, D2.Asian/America (C/prM)⁎⁎, D4.G2 (C/prM)⁎ | 14/84 (16.7); D1,2,3 | 8.3% seroprevalence (1/12) | D1 (Ae aegypti), D2.Asian/American (C/prM; Culex sp)⁎* | ||||||
| Bats | Mexico | Parque Hundido | Urban/rural | 2010 | 0/59 (Flavivirus RT-PCR targeting NS5) | 14/59 (23.7); D1,2,3,4 | PRNT; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | Presence of all 4 serotypes | [55] | |
| Parque Metropolitano | 0/42 | 2/42 (4.8); D1,2,4 | ||||||||
| Acuaparque | 0/21 | 2/21 (9.5); D1,2,4 | ||||||||
| Merida zoo | 0/14 | 8/14 (57.1); D1,2,3,4 | ||||||||
| Santa Gertrudis Copo | 0/4 | 0/4 | ||||||||
| Bats | Trinidad | Unknown | Unknown | 1972–1974 | 126/857 (14.7); D2 | HI; Tested for D2 only | [61] | |||
| Bats | Grenada | All 6 parishes of Grenada | Urban/rural | 2015 | 0/50 | PRNT; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | All 4 serotypes documented between 2000 and 2003; Dengue endemic. | [57] | ||
| Bats | Costa Rica | Puntarenas & Liberia | Urban/rural | 1998 | 12/53 (22.6); D1,2 | PRNT; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | Active outbreaks of dengue, all 4 serotypes have be isolated in the past 6 years of the study. | [49] | ||
| Ecuador | Tena | 3/10 (30); D2,3 | Unknown | |||||||
| Bats | Mexico | Cuitzmala River Basin, Jalisco | Forest | 2014 | 0/83 (Tested against flavivirus; NS5) | DENV reported in humans | [59] | |||
| Bats | Brazil | São Jose ´ do Rio Preto, São Paulo State | Urban/rural | 2014–2017 | 0/64 (Tested against flavivirus; NS5) | 0/46 | HI; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | High incidence of arbovirus infection in humans | [50] | |
| Barreiras, Bahia State | 0/39 (Tested against flavivirus; NS5) | 0/27 | Known occurrences of DENV | |||||||
| Bats | Columbia | San Carlos & Ayapel, Córdoba & Sucre | Urban/rural | Before 2019 | 2/286 (0.7); D2 (NS5)* | [45] | ||||
| Bats | Singapore | Unknown | Urban/rural | Before 2019 | 14/106 (13.2); D2 (NS1) | Luciferase LIPS; Tested for D2 NS1 antigen only | [54] | |||
| Bats | Australia | Townsville, Northern Queensland | Urban/rural | 1954 | 4/17 (23.5); D1 | Mouse protection test; Tested for D1 only | Extensive epidemic from Dec 1953 – Mar 1954, sporadic cases from Dec 1954 – Nov 1955. | [53] | ||
| Bats | Australia | Townsville, Northern Queensland | Coastal | 1954 | 4/28 (14.3); D1,2 | Mouse protection test; Tested for D1/2 only | Dengue outbreak in the early months of 1954 | [60] | ||
| Bats | India | Bankura Distict, West Bengal | Urban/ Rural | 1973 | 1/91 (1.1); D3 | HI; Tested against D1/2/3 only | [56] |
⁎
Phylogenetic analysis linked to human cases.
⁎⁎
Phylogenetic analysis linked to both human cases and mosquitoes.