Table 3.
Study characteristics and dengue positivity among other animals.
| Animal Types | Country | Location | Site Setting | Study Period | Dengue RT-PCR Positive Only (%); Serotype | Dengue Serology Positive Only (%); Serotype | Serological Test Type; Serotype Tested | Human Dengue Cases; Serotype | Dengue Serotype (Mosquitoes) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bat Flies | Mexico | Progreso, Hidalgo (Cave Roost) | Urban/rural | 2014–2015 | 38/557 (6.8%) to 342/557 (61.4%); D2 (NS5) | [48] | ||||
| Rodents | French Guiana | le Camp du Tigre | Forest | 2001, 2006, 2007 | 28/109 (25.7); D1,2,3,4 | Active outbreaks of D1/2/3 since 1991, sporadic detection of D4; Dengue endemic. | [44] | |||
| Site of Sain Georges de l'pyapock | Edge of forest & rural area | 2006, 2007 | 5/21 (23.8); D3,4 D3.G5 (C/prM)⁎, D4.G1 (C/prM)⁎ |
Dengue practically absent in this rural site. | ||||||
| Marsupials | French Guiana | le Camp du Tigre | Forest | 2001, 2006, 2007 | 39/273 (14.3); D1,2,3,4 D2.American-Asian (C/prM)⁎, D2.Native American (C/prM)⁎, D3.G5 (C/prM)⁎, D4.G1 (C/prM)⁎ |
Active outbreaks of D1/2/3 since 1991, sporadic detection of D4; Dengue endemic. | ||||
| Site of Sain Georges de l'pyapock | Edge of forest & rural area | 2006, 2007 | 0/15 | Dengue practically absent in this rural site. | ||||||
| Birds (seashore) | Australia | Townsville, Northern Queensland | Coastal | 1954 | 8/38 (21.1); D1 | Mouse protection test; Tested for D1 only | Dengue outbreak in the early months of 1954 | [60] | ||
| Birds | India | West Bengal, Bankura Distict | Urban/ Rural | 1973 | 3/104 (2.9); D1 | HI; Tested for D1/2/3 only | [56] | |||
| Rodent | 0/32 | |||||||||
| Shrew | 0/4 | |||||||||
| Sloths | Brazil | Atlantic Forest, Bahia, Northeast Brazil, municipalities of Ilheus and Una | Forest & Urban/rural (enclosure) | 2006–2014 | 14/29 (48.3); D1,2,3,4 | HI; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | D1,2,3,4 are endemic to both municipalities with sporadic outbreaks | [36] | ||
| Pigs | Malaysia | Penang | Urban | 1962–1964 | 7/34 (20.6); D2 | PRNT; Tested for D2 only | [35] | |||
| House Shrew | 1/18 (5.6); D2 | |||||||||
| Acouchy | French Guiana | Petit Saut Hydroelectric Dam | Forest | 1994–1995 | 0/29 | PRNT; Tested for D2 only | Dramatic increase in cases over the past 30 years, epidemic in 1991–1992 with up to 3000 cases. | [37] | ||
| Agouti | 1/29 (3.4); D2 | |||||||||
| Porcupine | 2/42 (4.8); D2 | |||||||||
| Paca | 0/17 | |||||||||
| Rat | 0/39 | |||||||||
| Opposum | 1/99 (1); D2 | |||||||||
| Sloth | 0/55 | |||||||||
| Armadillo | 3/60 (5); D2 | |||||||||
| Anteater | 0/26 | |||||||||
| Kinkajou | 0/9 | |||||||||
| Coati | 0/4 | |||||||||
| Tayra | 0/3 | |||||||||
| Collared Peccary | 0/3 | |||||||||
| Brocket Deer | 1/10 (10); D2 | |||||||||
| Buffalo+ | Democratic Republic of Congo & Gabon | Garamaba National Park & Lope National Park | Forest | 1994–2002 | 1/24 (4.2); D2 | PRNT; Tested for D2 only | [30] | |||
| Duiker+ | Democratic Republic of Congo | Ituri Rain Forest | Forest | 1991–1992 | 0/33 | |||||
| Elephant | Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad & Central African Republic | Lungunya, Garamba National Park, Odzala National Park, Zakouma National Park, Gobounga Bai, Dzanga-Sangha National Park | Forest | 1991–2002 | 0/31 | |||||
| Pigs | India | Darbhanga | Urban/rural | 1978–1979 | 5/16 (31.3); D2 | HI; Tested for D2 only | [69] | |||
| Patna | 26/40 (65); D2 | |||||||||
| Begusarai | 8/16 (50); D2 | |||||||||
| Nawada | 13/35 (37.1); D2 | |||||||||
| Dhanbad | 11/32 (34.4); D2 | |||||||||
| Singhbhum | 3/14 (21.4); D2 | |||||||||
| Hazaribagh | 50/111 (45); D2 | |||||||||
| Ranchi | 64/140 (45.7); D2 | |||||||||
| Dog | India | Uttar Pradesh, Bareilly | Urban/rural | Before 1995 | 16/104 (15.4); D2 | HI; Tested for D2 only | [72] | |||
| Pig | 20/170 (11.8); D2 | |||||||||
| Horse | 27/170 (15.9); D2 | |||||||||
| Buffalo+ | 26/333 (7.8); D2 | |||||||||
| Goat+ | 10/252 (4); D2 | |||||||||
| Cattle+ | 0/252 | |||||||||
| Sheep+ | 0/168 | |||||||||
| Rodents | Mexico | Cuitzmala River Basin, Jalisco | Forest | 2014 | 0/713 (Tested against flavivirus; NS5) | 0/708 | ELISA; Tested for D2 only | DENV reported in humans | [59] | |
| Rodents | Mexico | Merida, Residential Housings | Urban/ rural | 2011–2012 | 5/161 (3.1); D2 | PRNT; Tested for D2/4 only | Dengue endemic with outbreaks | [64] | ||
| Dogs (Domestic) | Thailand | Nakhon Sawan Province (Urban City) | Urban/rural | 2008–2009 | 6/1057 (0.6); D2,3 (C/prM)^⁎ | Dengue endemic | [63] | |||
| Rayong Province (Rubber Plantation) | 2009–2010 | 1/174 (0.6); D3 (C/prM)^⁎ | ||||||||
| Koh Chang (Tourist Island) | 2012 | 0/71 | ||||||||
| Equines | Brazil | Nhecolândia Sub-region of Pantanal | Urban/rural | 2009–2010 | 8/760 (1.1); Screened against flavivirus; D1,2,4 |
Screened with ELISA, 396 positive ELISA samples tested using PRNT; Tested for D1/2/3/4 for PRNT | Dengue endemic | [71] | ||
| Sheep+ | 0/238; Tested against flavivirus | ELISA | ||||||||
| Caimans | 0/61; Tested against flavivirus | ELISA | ||||||||
| Cattle+ | Sicily, Italy | Madonie, Mazara del Vallo, Casteltermini, Castelvetrano, Acamo, Canicattì & Palermo | Rural | 1969 | 1/410 (0.2); D1 | HI; Tested for D1 only | [74] | |||
| Sheep+ | 1/130 (0.8); D1 | |||||||||
| Goat+ | 0/27 | |||||||||
| Horses | Australia | Junee | Unknown | 1954 | 2/4 (50); D1,2 | PRNT; Tested for D1/2 only | 7/14 (50) Seropositivity in Neutralization Test. 110/142 (77.5) and 103/141 (73) seropositivity by to D1 & D2 respectively Individuals had been screened for Group B virus using MVE HI. | [76] | ||
| Rockhampton | 1955 | 4/14 (28.6); D1 | ||||||||
| Mt Surprise | 1955 | 2/2 (100); D1 | ||||||||
| Gympie | 1960 | 1/1 (100); D1/2 | ||||||||
| Cattle+ | Innisfail | 1954 | 2/5 (0.4); D1 | |||||||
| Tambo | 1958 | 0/1 | ||||||||
| Kangeroo | Western Australia | 1958 | 5/12 (41.7); D1 | |||||||
| Muckadilla | 1/1 (100); D1 | |||||||||
| Tambo | 1/1 (100); D1 | |||||||||
| South-east Queensland | 1960 | 6/8 (75); D1/2 | ||||||||
| Cockatoo | Unknown | 1959 | 1/2 (50); D1 | |||||||
| Horses | South Pacific Islands | New Caledonia (Includes imported horses) |
Urban/Rural | 2015 | 10/163 (6.1); D1 | Screened with ELISA, Positive samples tested with MNT; Tested for D1 only in MNT | Outbreaks in 2008–2009, 2012–2013 (>10, 000 cases); D1. Circulation of all 4 serotypes in 2013. | [68] | ||
| Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia (Includes imported horses) | 2016 | 10/130 (7.7); D1 | D1 epidemic in 2006–2007 (circulation in 2013–2017). D3 circulation in 2013 | |||||||
| Domestic Animals (Mammals & Birds) | Egypt | Cairo Slaughter Abattoir | Urban/Rural | 1969 | 74/964 (7.7); D1 | HI; Tested for D1 only | 159/1133 (14%); 4/1133 (0.3) (accounted for WNV) seropositivity against D1 in 1969 survey. Dengue epidemics in 1927, 1928 and 1937 | [73] | ||
| Ducks | India | Ranchi viz. Kanke, Bihar | Urban/Rural | 1981 | 34/64 (53.1); D2 | HI; Tested for D2 only | [70] | |||
| Fowls | Ranchi viz. Kanke, Bihar | 30/81 (37); D2 | ||||||||
| Sparrows | Poultry Farm, Kanke, Bihar | 1/16 (6.25) – 16/16 (100); D2 | ||||||||
| Fowls | Hotwar, Bihar | 26/63 (41.3); D2 | ||||||||
| Fowls | Daily Market, Bihar | 33/68 (48.5); D2 | ||||||||
| Geese | Czechoslovakia | South Morovia | Urban/rural | 1972 | 0/196 | HI; Unspecified | [65] | |||
| Ducks | 0/141 | |||||||||
| Hens | 0/100 | |||||||||
| Birds | Czechoslovakia | South Morovia | Urban/rural | 1973 | 0/280 | HI; Unspecified | [66] | |||
| Birds | India | Shimoga district, Karnataka | Urban/rural | 1959–1962 | 93/759 (12.1); D1,2,3,4 | HI (17 sera positive for HI tested for PRNT); Tested for D1/2/3/4 | [67] | |||
| Birds | Uganda | Bunyoro, Karmoja, Acholi, Ankole & West Mengo | Forest (Including savannah) | 1970 | 15/221 (6.8); Unknown | HI; Unspecified | [75] | |||
| Birds | Brazil | Mangal das Garças Natural Park in Belém, state of Pará | Urban | 2015 | 0/85 | HI; Tested for D1/2/3/4 | [62] |
+
Bovids.
⁎
Phylogenetic analysis linked to human cases.