Table 1. Overview of mushroom poisoning syndromes, their most important causative species, and species with which they may be confused.

Syndrome	Poisonous mushroom species	Edible species with which poisonous species can be confused
Gastrointestinal irritant syndrome	Livid Pinkgill (Entoloma sinuatum) Yellow Stainer (Agaricus xanthoderma) Woolly Milkcap (Lactarius torminosus) Leopard Knight (Tricholoma pardinum) Omphalotus olearius	Clouded Funnel (Clitocybe nebularis) Field Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) Grey Knight (Tricholoma terreum) Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius)
Muscarinic poisoning	Fools’ Funnel (Clitocybe rivulosa) Inocybes, e.g., Deadly Fibrecap (Inocybe erubescens)	The Miller (Clitopilus prunulus)
Panthercap /Fly Agaric poisoning	Panthercap (Amanita pantherina) Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)	The Blusher (Amanita rubescens) Caesar’s Mushroom (Amanita caesarea)
Psilocybin /Magic Mushroom poisoning	Magic Mushroom (UK) / Liberty Cap (USA) (Psilocybe semilanceata) Banded Mottlegill (Panaeolus subbalteatus, syn. Panaeolus cinctulus)
Coprine poisoning	Common Ink Cap (Coprinus atramentarius) Freckled Dapperling (Lepiota aspera) (= Echinoderma asperum)	Shaggy Ink Cap / Layer’s Wig (Coprinus comatus)
Paxillus poisoning	Brown Rollrim (Paxillus involutus)
Amatoxin / phalloides poisoning	Deathcap (Amanita phalloides) Destroying Angel (Amanita virosa) Small Dapperlings (Lepiota species) Poisonous Galerina species, e.g., Funeral Bell / Deadly Skullcap (Galerina marginata)	Field Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) Shaggy Parasol (Chlorophyllum rhacodes) Sheathed Woodtuft (Kuehneromyces mutabilis)
Gyromitrin poisoning	False Morel (Gyromitra esculenta)	Morel (Morchella esculenta)
Orellanine poisoning	Webcaps, e.g., Fool’s Webcap ࿬(Cortinarius orellanus) Deadly Webcap (Cortinarius rubellus, syn. Cortinarius speciosissimus)	Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius)
Rhabdomyolysis / Tricholoma equestre poisoning	Yellow Knight (Tricholoma equestre) Russula subnigricans (found in East Asia)