Table 1. Baseline characteristics, extent of COVID-19 disease on chest CT and outcomes according to a simplified CAHA classification.
| Stage 1 D-dimers < 3 ULN ( n = 72) |
Stage 2 D-dimers 3–6 ULN ( n = 34) |
Stage 3 D-dimers > 6 ULN ( n = 44) |
p -Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 58 ± 15 | 63 ± 15 | 62 ± 15 | 0.198 |
| Male, n (%) | 37 (51.4) | 18 (52.9) | 32 (72.7) | 0.062 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | 28 ± 5 | 0.697 |
| Scoring systems for estimating risk of venous thromboembolism | ||||
| Padua score | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 0.004 |
| Padua score > 4 | 28 (38.9) | 21 (61.8) | 31 (70.5) | 0.002 |
| IMPROVE score | 0.80 ± 1.04 | 1.47 ± 1.13 | 1.65 ± 1.16 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| D-dimers admission, ng/mL | 733 ± 335 | 1,617 ± 660 | 4,588 ± 4,403 | < 0.001 |
| D-dimers peak, ng/mL (peak values observed 4.2 ± 4.3 d after admission) |
814 ± 369 | 2,165 ± 448 | 8,531 ± 5,326 | < 0.001 |
| CRP admission, mg/L (peak values observed 3 ± 3.4 d after admission) |
85 ± 76 | 99 ± 65 | 143 ± 89 | 0.001 |
| CRP peak, mg/L | 122 ± 85 | 145 ± 88 | 178 ± 102 | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen peak, g/L (peak values observed 5 ± 3.9 d after admission) |
6.7 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 0.006 |
| Blood lactate, mmol/L | 0.97 ± 0.29 | 1.22 ± 0.70 | 1.37 ± 0.60 | 0.007 |
| aPTT admission, s | 1.14 ± 0.23 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | 1.23 ± 0.53 | 0.237 |
| Platelets admission, ×10 9 /L | 215 ± 88 | 212 ± 79 | 242 ± 79 | 0.243 |
| Platelets peak, ×10 9 /L | 394 ± 187 | 391 ± 142 | 439 ± 165 | 0.335 |
| Thromboprophylaxis during hospitalization | ||||
|
Standard-dose anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis,
n
(%)
Enoxaparin 40 Mg/0.4 mL Prophylactic-dose UFH Fondaparinux 2.5 |
45 (62.5) 44 (61.1) 0 (0) 1 (1.4) |
23 (67.6) 23 (67.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) |
23 (52.3) 11 (25) 2 (4.5) 0 (0) |
0.351 |
|
Intermediate dose anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis,
n
(%)
Enoxaparin 40 Mg/0.4 mL BID |
13 (18.1) 13 (18.1) |
6 (17.6) 6(17.6) |
8 (18.2) 8 (18.2) |
0.998 |
| Therapeutic dose anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis, n (%) | 14 (19.4) | 5 (14.7) | 1 (2.6) | 0.245 |
| Extent of COVID-19 disease on chest CT | ||||
| Stage 1, n (%) | 10 (14.7) | 2 (6.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0.001 |
| Stage 2–3, n (%) | 49 (72.1) | 24 (75) | 20 (51.3) | |
| Stage 4, n (%) | 9 (13.2) | 6 (18.6) | 18 (46.2) | |
| Oxygen | ||||
| Oxygen demand (maximal oxygen flow rate, L/min) | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 4.7 | 8.4 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Venous thromboembolic event, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.9) | 14 (31.8) | < 0.001 |
| Acute pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.9) | 12 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
| Deep vein thrombosis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.5) | 0.087 |
| Transfer to ICU or in-hospital death, n (%) | 13 (18.1) | 17 (50) | 29 (65.9) | < 0.001 |
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (6.8) | 0.284 |
| ICU transfer, n (%) | 13 (18.1) | 16 (47.1) | 29 (65.9) | < 0.001 |
| Discharge alive, n (%) | 64 (97) | 24 (85.7) | 33 (86.8) | 0.087 |
Abbreviations: aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; BID, twice daily; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computed tomography; ICU, intensive care unit; UFH, unfractionated heparin; ULN, upper limit of normal.
Note: Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as counts and percentages. Continuous variables between all groups were compared using ANOVA. Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables. A p -value < 0.05 was considered significant. Calculations were performed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).