Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with eGFR ≥ 30 who received levosimendan versus dobutamine alone
| Variable | Valid N | Before PSM‡ | After PSM‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levosimendan (n = 102) |
Dobutamine (n = 567) |
STD | Levosimendan (n = 82) |
Dobutamine (n = 145) |
STD | ||
| Age, year* | 669 | 65.8 ± 15.3 | 64.3 ± 15.1 | 0.10 | 65.5 ± 14.7 | 65.7 ± 15.6 | − 0.01 |
| Male* | 669 | 76 (74.5) | 437 (77.1) | − 0.06 | 64 (78.0) | 105 (72.4) | 0.13 |
| LVEF, %* | 669 | 28.7 ± 6.8 | 28.3 ± 7.8 | 0.05 | 27.7 ± 6.7 | 27.7 ± 7.8 | < 0.01 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2* | 669 | 66.2 ± 31.9 | 65.8 ± 29.1 | 0.01 | 66.6 ± 32.5 | 67.6 ± 29.5 | − 0.03 |
| Inotropic agents during the index admission | |||||||
| Dopamine* | 669 | 24 (23.5) | 67 (11.8) | 0.31 | 15 (18.3) | 24 (16.6) | 0.05 |
| Norepinephrine* | 669 | 15 (14.7) | 87 (15.3) | − 0.02 | 12 (14.6) | 20 (13.8) | 0.02 |
| Epinephrine* | 669 | 8 (7.8) | 112 (19.8) | − 0.35 | 6 (7.3) | 11 (7.6) | − 0.01 |
| AMI during the index admission* | 669 | 35 (34.3) | 85 (15.0) | 0.46 | 20 (24.4) | 37 (25.5) | − 0.03 |
| PCI during the index admission* | 669 | 23 (22.5) | 41 (7.2) | 0.44 | 12 (14.6) | 21 (14.5) | < 0.01 |
| Myocarditis during the index admission* | 669 | 6 (5.9) | 8 (1.4) | 0.24 | 3 (3.7) | 2 (1.4) | 0.15 |
| Mechanical ventilator* | 669 | 52 (51.0) | 233 (41.1) | 0.20 | 41 (50.0) | 59 (40.7) | 0.19 |
| IABP* | 669 | 34 (33.3) | 26 (4.6) | 0.79 | 14 (17.1) | 20 (13.8) | 0.09 |
| ICU days | 669 | 7 [4, 11] | 2 [0, 6] | NA | 7 [3, 10] | 3 [0, 7] | NA |
| Admission days | 669 | 19 [15, 36] | 19 [12, 31] | NA | 20 [15, 38] | 18 [12, 29] | NA |
| Risk score* | |||||||
| SOFA | 669 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | − 0.20 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 0.10 |
| APACHE III | 669 | 37.5 ± 17.6 | 32.4 ± 16.2 | 0.31 | 37.3 ± 18.2 | 35.5 ± 19.0 | 0.10 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 669 | 39 (38.2) | 216 (38.1) | 0.00 | 35 (42.7) | 47 (32.4) | 0.21 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 669 | 44 (43.1) | 266 (46.9) | − 0.08 | 38 (46.3) | 85 (58.6) | − 0.25 |
| Hypertension | 669 | 63 (61.8) | 391 (69.0) | − 0.15 | 51 (62.2) | 107 (73.8) | − 0.25 |
| Dyslipidemia | 669 | 70 (68.6) | 301 (53.1) | 0.32 | 54 (65.9) | 90 (62.1) | 0.08 |
| Baseline medications | |||||||
| Aspirin | 669 | 78 (76.5) | 379 (66.8) | 0.21 | 61 (74.4) | 101 (69.7) | 0.11 |
| Clopidogrel | 669 | 58 (56.9) | 273 (48.1) | 0.18 | 45 (54.9) | 83 (57.2) | − 0.05 |
| Ticagrelor | 669 | 41 (40.2) | 88 (15.5) | 0.57 | 26 (31.7) | 27 (18.6) | 0.31 |
| Beta-blockers | 669 | 97 (95.1) | 474 (83.6) | 0.38 | 79 (96.3) | 122 (84.1) | 0.42 |
| ACEi | 669 | 65 (63.7) | 314 (55.4) | 0.17 | 49 (59.8) | 79 (54.5) | 0.11 |
| ARBs | 669 | 73 (71.6) | 375 (66.1) | 0.12 | 59 (72.0) | 98 (67.6) | 0.10 |
| MRA | 669 | 73 (71.6) | 443 (78.1) | − 0.15 | 61 (74.4) | 111 (76.6) | − 0.05 |
| Digoxin | 669 | 42 (41.2) | 268 (47.3) | − 0.12 | 39 (47.6) | 65 (44.8) | 0.05 |
| Amiodarone | 669 | 72 (70.6) | 298 (52.6) | 0.38 | 60 (73.2) | 60 (41.4) | 0.68 |
| Ivabradine | 669 | 43 (42.2) | 117 (20.6) | 0.48 | 32 (39.0) | 34 (23.4) | 0.34 |
| Baseline laboratory data | |||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 664 | 12.1 ± 2.5 | 11.8 ± 2.3 | 0.12 | 12.1 ± 2.5 | 11.8 ± 2.3 | 0.13 |
| ALT, U/L | 595 | 37 [23, 85] | 25 [17, 50] | NA | 35 [21, 96] | 26 [18, 56] | NA |
| BNP, pg/mL | 401 |
1451 [840, 3789] |
1494 [772, 2560] |
NA |
1435 [840, 3810] |
1751 [957, 2821] |
NA |
| HCO3, mmol/L | 289 | 23.6 ± 5.8 | 25.9 ± 5.7 | − 0.40 | 23.9 ± 6.4 | 25.2 ± 5.1 | − 0.22 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 413 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 2.1 | 0.01 | 1.7 ± 2.2 | 1.7 ± 2.7 | 0.00 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 647 | 30.3 ± 15.8 | 29.8 ± 16.6 | 0.03 | 30.0 ± 16.1 | 31.2 ± 19.9 | − 0.07 |
| Sodium, mg/dL | 668 | 138.4 ± 5.3 | 139.6 ± 5.7 | − 0.23 | 138.2 ± 5.1 | 139.4 ± 6.1 | − 0.21 |
| Potassium, mg/dL | 668 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 0.10 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | − 0.08 |
| Platelet, 1000/μL | 662 | 182.9 ± 76.3 | 182.5 ± 81.0 | 0.01 | 179.9 ± 75.3 | 195.5 ± 87.0 | − 0.19 |
| Hematocrit, % | 664 | 36.4 ± 7.3 | 35.9 ± 6.7 | 0.07 | 36.5 ± 7.4 | 35.9 ± 6.6 | 0.08 |
| WBC, 1000/μL | 663 | 10.2 ± 5.3 | 10.6 ± 5.1 | − 0.07 | 9.7 ± 5.0 | 10.9 ± 4.8 | − 0.25 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 456 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 0.07 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 0.33 |
| Lactate, mg/dL | 263 | 28.6 ± 35.4 | 26.8 ± 20.5 | 0.07 | 27.7 ± 38.2 | 25.7 ± 20.5 | 0.07 |
| INR | 506 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | − 0.22 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | − 0.07 |
PSM propensity score matching, STD standard difference, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AMI acute myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, IABP intra-aortic balloon pumping, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ACEi angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor, ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, ALT alanine aminotransferase, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, BUN blood urea nitrogen, NA not available, WBC white blood count, INR international normalized ratio
‡Data were presented as number (%), mean ± standard deviation or median [25th, 75th percentile];
*Included in the calculation of propensity score