Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with eGFR < 30 or dialysis who received levosimendan versus dobutamine alone
| Variable | Before PSM‡ | After PSM‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid N | Levosimendan (n = 52) |
Dobutamine (n = 374) |
STD | Levosimendan (n = 43) |
Dobutamine (n = 81) |
STD | |
| Age, year* | 426 | 72.6 ± 12.1 | 70.4 ± 11.9 | 0.18 | 72.6 ± 11.6 | 71.3 ± 11.3 | 0.11 |
| Male* | 426 | 31 (59.6) | 237 (63.4) | − 0.08 | 23 (53.5) | 51 (63.0) | − 0.19 |
| LVEF, %* | 426 | 25.9 ± 7.4 | 29.6 ± 7.1 | − 0.51 | 26.4 ± 7.5 | 25.6 ± 8.1 | 0.10 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2* | 279 | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 19.1 ± 6.7 | 0.08 | 18.3 ± 6.6 | 21.1 ± 6.1 | − 0.43 |
| Prior dialysis* | 426 | 18 (34.6) | 129 (34.5) | 0.00 | 15 (34.9) | 30 (37.0) | − 0.04 |
| Inotropic agents during the index admission | |||||||
| Dopamine* | 426 | 14 (26.9) | 51 (13.6) | 0.34 | 10 (23.3) | 19 (23.5) | < 0.01 |
| Norepinephrine* | 426 | 10 (19.2) | 77 (20.6) | − 0.03 | 9 (20.9) | 18 (22.2) | − 0.03 |
| Epinephrine* | 426 | 5 (9.6) | 59 (15.8) | − 0.19 | 4 (9.3) | 9 (11.1) | − 0.06 |
| AMI during the index admission* | 426 | 16 (30.8) | 85 (22.7) | 0.18 | 14 (32.6) | 22 (27.2) | 0.12 |
| PCI during the index admission* | 426 | 11 (21.2) | 36 (9.6) | 0.32 | 9 (20.9) | 16 (19.8) | 0.03 |
| Myocarditis during the index admission* | 426 | 3 (5.8) | 2 (0.5) | 0.30 | 1 (2.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.08 |
| Mechanical ventilator* | 426 | 36 (69.2) | 151 (40.4) | 0.61 | 27 (62.8) | 46 (56.8) | 0.12 |
| IABP* | 426 | 13 (25.0) | 26 (7.0) | 0.51 | 7 (16.3) | 15 (18.5) | − 0.06 |
| ICU days | 426 | 11 [4, 18] | 3 [0, 10] | NA | 11 [4, 21] | 5 [0, 13] | NA |
| Admission days | 426 | 29 [15.5, 49] | 24 [13, 42] | NA | 29 [16, 53] | 25 [13, 39] | NA |
| Risk score* | |||||||
| SOFA | 426 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | − 0.21 | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | − 0.04 |
| APACHE III | 426 | 50.2 ± 13.3 | 49.8 ± 15.4 | 0.03 | 50.9 ± 13.8 | 49.4 ± 13.5 | 0.11 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 426 | 16 (30.8) | 145 (38.8) | − 0.17 | 15 (34.9) | 24 (29.6) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 426 | 35 (67.3) | 249 (66.6) | 0.02 | 29 (67.4) | 52 (64.2) | 0.07 |
| Hypertension | 426 | 43 (82.7) | 311 (83.2) | − 0.01 | 35 (81.4) | 63 (77.8) | 0.09 |
| Dyslipidemia | 426 | 35 (67.3) | 223 (59.6) | 0.16 | 28 (65.1) | 57 (70.4) | − 0.11 |
| Baseline medications | |||||||
| Aspirin | 426 | 43 (82.7) | 250 (66.8) | 0.37 | 35 (81.4) | 61 (75.3) | 0.15 |
| Clopidogrel | 426 | 35 (67.3) | 214 (57.2) | 0.21 | 28 (65.1) | 44 (54.3) | 0.22 |
| Ticagrelor | 426 | 18 (34.6) | 72 (19.3) | 0.35 | 12 (27.9) | 22 (27.2) | 0.02 |
| Beta-blockers | 426 | 46 (88.5) | 325 (86.9) | 0.05 | 38 (88.4) | 67 (82.7) | 0.16 |
| ACE inhibitors | 426 | 30 (57.7) | 163 (43.6) | 0.29 | 23 (53.5) | 35 (43.2) | 0.21 |
| ARB | 426 | 37 (71.2) | 235 (62.8) | 0.18 | 29 (67.4) | 53 (65.4) | 0.04 |
| MRA | 426 | 34 (65.4) | 196 (52.4) | 0.27 | 31 (72.1) | 39 (48.1) | 0.50 |
| Digoxin | 426 | 20 (38.5) | 153 (40.9) | − 0.05 | 20 (46.5) | 29 (35.8) | 0.22 |
| Amiodarone | 426 | 30 (57.7) | 188 (50.3) | 0.15 | 27 (62.8) | 33 (40.7) | 0.45 |
| Ivabradine | 426 | 28 (53.8) | 84 (22.5) | 0.68 | 22 (51.2) | 23 (28.4) | 0.48 |
| Baseline laboratory data | |||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 425 | 11.3 ± 2.7 | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 0.55 | 11.1 ± 2.7 | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 0.27 |
| ALT, U/L | 376 | 28 [15, 130] | 23 [15, 45] | NA | 35 [16, 130] | 29 [16, 70] | NA |
| BNP, pg/mL | 271 |
4634 [1625, 5000] |
2412 [1231.9, 4700] |
NA |
4634 [1625, 5000] |
3030 [1580, 4700] |
NA |
| HCO3, mmol/L | 261 | 21.1 ± 6.0 | 23.0 ± 5.8 | − 0.31 | 21.2 ± 6.3 | 21.6 ± 5.0 | − 0.08 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 288 | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 2.1 | 0.05 | 1.6 ± 2.1 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 0.06 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 419 | 66.7 ± 37.0 | 70.3 ± 38.6 | − 0.10 | 70.6 ± 38.0 | 68.0 ± 36.7 | 0.07 |
| Sodium, mg/dL | 426 | 139.2 ± 6.5 | 139.2 ± 6.3 | 0.00 | 140.0 ± 6.8 | 139.4 ± 6.7 | 0.09 |
| Potassium, mg/dL | 426 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.06 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.17 |
| Platelet, 1000/μL | 424 | 163.7 ± 71.9 | 169.1 ± 85.4 | − 0.07 | 166.3 ± 75.3 | 183.3 ± 92.1 | − 0.20 |
| Hematocrit, % | 425 | 34.1 ± 7.6 | 30.7 ± 5.9 | 0.51 | 34.0 ± 7.6 | 32.1 ± 6.5 | 0.28 |
| WBC, 1000/μL | 424 | 9.9 ± 3.9 | 10.1 ± 5.5 | − 0.04 | 10.4 ± 3.9 | 10.6 ± 5.0 | − 0.05 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 328 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.05 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | − 0.11 |
| Lactate, mg/dL | 184 | 29.9 ± 34.1 | 32.9 ± 32.5 | − 0.09 | 30.5 ± 36.2 | 41.5 ± 39.9 | − 0.29 |
| INR | 319 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.17 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.34 |
PSM propensity score matching, STD standard difference, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AMI acute myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, IABP intra-aortic balloon pumping, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, ALT alanine aminotransferase, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, BUN blood urea nitrogen, NA not available, WBC white blood count, INR international normalized ratio
‡Data were presented as number (%), mean ± standard deviation or median [25th, 75th percentile];
*Included in the calculation of propensity score