Table 3.

Summary of cardiotoxicity animal model studies employing CMR imaging

Ref. #	Species	Anti-cancer agent and administration route	Chemotherapy dose and frequency	MRI field strength	CMR tissue findings	Histopathology findings
Large animals
Galan-Arriola et al. [8]	Pig	Dox, ICA	0.45mg/kg 2× weekly for 3–5 weeks	3.0 T	Increased T2 that preceded T1 increase and LVEF decrease	Cardiomyocyte vacuolization and interstitial fibrosis
Hong et al. [21]	Rabbit	Dox, IV	1.0 mg/kg 2× weekly for16 weeks	3.0 T	Increase native T1 & ECV	Interstitial fibrosis, loss of myofibrils, & cardiomyocyte intracellular vacuolization
Psaltis et al. [22]	Sheep	Dox, ICA	1mg/kg twice weekly	-	Increased LGE	Increased fibrosis
Meléndez et al. [24]	Monkey	Dox, IV	30 to 60 mg/m2 biweekly up to 240 mg/m2	3.0 T	LVEF decline, increased LV mass index, ECV fraction, T2	Increased LV collagen deposition; fibrosis, cardiomyocyte cross-section area. Decrease in the number of cardiomyocytes.
Small animals
Farhad et al. [25]	Mouse	Dox, SubQ pellet	5 mg/kg/wk for 5 weeks	9.4T	Increase ECV; T2 prolongation	Interstitial myocardial fibrosis and cardiac water
Lightfoot et al. [28]	Rat	Dox, IV	1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg/wk for 10 weeks	1.5T	Increase in gadolinium enhancement	Cardiomyocyte vacuolization and degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, edema, diffuse myocardial fibrosis
Cove-Smith et al. [29]	Rat	Dox, IV	1.25 mg/kg for 8 weeks	4.7T	Decreased LVEF, Increased peak and LGE	Cardiomyocyte degeneration, extensive vacuolation & myocardial fibrosis

Dox: Doxorubicin; ICA: Intracoronary administration; IV: intravenous; SubQ: subcutaneous; T: Tesla; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ECV: extracellular volume; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.