Table 2.
Direct, Indirect (Via Identity Denial), and Total Associations by Ethnicity and Nativity
| Foreign-born Asians | U.S.-born Asians | Foreign-born Latinos | U.S.-born Latinos | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Association | b | SE | β | b | SE | β | b | SE | β | B | SE | β |
| Direct associations | ||||||||||||
| Foreigner objectification → | ||||||||||||
| Identity denial | .34 | .08 | .19** | .34 | .08 | .19** | .34 | .08 | .16** | .34 | .08 | .17** |
| Self-esteem | −.06 | .05 | −.05 | −.06 | .05 | −.04 | −.06 | .05 | −.04 | −.06 | .05 | −.04 |
| Life satisfaction | .24 | .14 | .13 | −.22 | .10 | −.10* | .24 | .14 | .10 | −.22 | .10 | −.09* |
| Depressive symptoms | .06 | .09 | .05 | .26 | .07 | .18** | .06 | .09 | .03 | .26 | .07 | .16** |
| Perceived discrimination → | ||||||||||||
| Identity denial | .09 | .06 | .06 | .09 | .06 | .07 | .09 | .06 | .08 | .29 | .07 | .26** |
| Self-esteem | −.12 | .03 | −.14** | −.12 | .03 | −.13** | −.12 | .03 | −.16** | −.12 | .03 | −.14** |
| Life satisfaction | −.24 | .05 | −.15** | −.24 | .05 | −.15** | −.24 | .05 | −.18** | −.24 | .05 | −.18** |
| Depressive symptoms | .12 | .04 | .12** | .12 | .04 | .12** | .12 | .04 | .15** | .12 | .04 | .13** |
| Identity denial → | ||||||||||||
| Self-esteem | −.05 | .04 | −.08 | −.14 | .03 | −.19** | −.05 | .04 | −.05 | −.14 | .03 | −.18** |
| Life satisfaction | −.10 | .04 | −.09* | −.10 | .04 | −.08* | −.10 | .04 | −.08* | −.10 | .04 | −.08* |
| Depressive symptoms | .03 | .03 | .04 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .03 | .04 | .03 | .03 | .03 |
| Indirect associations (via identity denial) | ||||||||||||
| Foreigner objectification → | ||||||||||||
| Self-esteem | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | −.05 | .02 | −.04** | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | −.05 | .02 | −.03** |
| Life satisfaction | −.03 | .02 | −.02* | −.03 | .02 | −.02* | −.03 | .02 | −.02* | −.03 | .02 | −.02* |
| Depressive symptoms | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 |
| Perceived discrimination → | ||||||||||||
| Self-esteem | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.04 | .01 | −.05** |
| Life satisfaction | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −.03 | .01 | −.02* |
| Depressive symptoms | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 |
| Total associations | ||||||||||||
| Foreigner objectification → | ||||||||||||
| Self-esteem | −.07 | .05 | −.06 | −.10 | .05 | −.08* | −.07 | .05 | −.05 | −.10 | .05 | −.07* |
| Life satisfaction | .21 | .14 | .10 | −.25 | .10 | .11* | .21 | .14 | .08 | −.25 | .10 | .11* |
| Depressive symptoms | .07 | .09 | .05 | .27 | .07 | .18** | .07 | .09 | .04 | .27 | .07 | .17** |
| Perceived discrimination → | ||||||||||||
| Self-esteem | −.13 | .03 | −.15** | −.14 | .03 | −.14** | −.13 | .03 | −.17** | −.17 | .03 | −.19** |
| Life satisfaction | −.25 | .05 | −.16** | −.25 | .05 | −.16** | −.25 | .05 | −.19** | −.27 | .05 | −.20** |
| Depressive symptoms | .13 | .04 | .12** | .13 | .04 | .12** | .13 | .04 | .15** | .13 | .04 | .14** |
Note. The slight deviations in the total effects based on a summation of the direct and indirect effects reported in the table are due to rounding error.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.