Fig. 1.

Effects of PA on glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myotubes. (a) Cells were incubated with PA (0–40 μM) or insulin (100 nM) for 48 h, and viability was determined by MTT assay (n = 6). (b) Myotubes were treated with various doses of PA for 12, 24, or 48 h, and glucose consumption was assayed by a commercially available glucose oxidase assay kit (n = 4). (c) After incubating C2C12 myotubes with PA (20 and 40 μM) for 24 h or insulin (100 nM) for 30 min, glucose uptake was measured using the 2-NBDG method (n = 5). (d) Cells were treated with PA or insulin (100 nM) for 24 h, and then western blotting of GLUT4 in cell membrane protein fractions was performed. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, versus control group.