Fig. 4.

Effects of PA on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. (a) Cells were incubated with PA (20 and 40 µM) for 24 h, followed by exposure to insulin (100 nM) for 30 min. Next, glucose uptake was measured by a 2-NBDG method (n = 6). (b) Myotubes were treated with PA, insulin, or PA and insulin for 24 h before western blotting of GLUT4 in cell membrane proteins was performed (n = 3 or 4). (c) Quantification of GLUT4. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001, versus control group; ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001, versus insulin group.