Table 2.

Potential solutions to improve reporting of pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in surveys

Area	Potential solutions
Interview process	Guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality
	Detailed and comprehensive consent
	Using language respondent is comfortable with and the interviewer is fluent in (most commonly used language)
	Realistic number of interviews per interviewer each day
Interviewer training	Development of enhanced training module for interviewers, with prospective assessment to understand its effect
	Interactive and reciprocal training that involves the experienced interviewers sharing their strategies to make respondents more comfortable and open up
	Classroom and field practice interviews
	Thorough training of interviewers to ensure in-depth understanding of the study and ability to explain its purpose to others
Interviewer skills, strategies and knowledge	Interviewer sensitivity to cultural semantics and taboos
	Building rapport
	Probing skills
	Empathy
	Sensitivity
	Understanding of psycho-social impact of grief
	Skills in interviewing adolescents
	Selecting interviewers from the same jurisdiction (though not the actual villages in which they will work)
Tools	Translation of tools using accurate and culturally recognised definitions e.g. of the different APOs
	Contextual adaptation guide to ensure more accurate and consistent reporting in different cultures and languages
	Shorter tools
Respondents and community	Conducting sensitisation before the study begins, including a clear explanation on purpose, benefits and any incentives to be given
	Consent from different gate keepers
	Provision of feedback on the study