Table 1.
Descriptive analyses
| No Coercion | Coercion | Test | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient-related Variables | ||||
| N = 494 (%) | 413 (83.6) | 81 (16.4) | ||
| Gender = male (%) | 158 (38.3) | 49 (60.5) | 12.86a | < 0.001 |
| Age (year) (median [IQR]) | 77.00 [70.00, 84.00] | 79.00 [73.00, 84.00] | 3.44b | 0.064 |
| Civil status (%) | 12.53a | 0.006 | ||
| Single | 77 (18.6) | 8 (9.9) | ||
| Married living as a couple | 141 (34.1) | 43 (53.1) | ||
| Separated/divorced | 103 (24.9) | 12 (14.8) | ||
| Widowed | 92 (22.3) | 18 (22.2) | ||
| Nationality = Swiss (%) | 313 (75.8) | 53 (65.4) | 3.26a | 0.071 |
| No. of hospital stays in 2017 (%) | Fisherc | 0.30 | ||
| 1 | 345 (83.5) | 63 (77.8) | ||
| 2 | 51 (12.3) | 15 (18.5) | ||
| 3+ | 17 (4.1) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Total no. of psychiatric hospitalizations (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.0085b | 0.93 |
| Previous psychiatric hospitalization = yes (%) | 165 (40.0) | 31 (38.3) | 0.025a | 0.87 |
| Total hospitalization duration in 2017 (days) (median [IQR]) | 35.82 [17.70, 66.47] | 58.10 [25.91, 111.01] | 14.27b | < 0.001 |
| Hospital stay-related Variables | ||||
| N = 606 (%) | 504 (83.2) | 102 (16.8) (79 seclusion (77.4) 17 restraint (16.7) 6 else (5.9)) | ||
| Hospitalization decision (%) | Fisherc | 0.20 | ||
| Outpatient center or private physician | 203 (40.3) | 31 (30.4) | ||
| Hospital physician | 113 (22.4) | 23 (22.5) | ||
| Emergencies | 183 (36.3) | 47 (46.1) | ||
| Other | 5 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Main diagnosis (%) | Fisherc | < 0.001 | ||
| Organic/neurologic disorders | 139 (31.2) | 30 (41.7) | ||
| Substance use | 10 (2.2) | 2 (2.8) | ||
| Psychotic disorders | 55 (12.3) | 8 (11.1) | ||
| Bipolar disorders | 43 (9.6) | 17 (23.6) | ||
| Depressive disorders | 127 (28.5) | 6 (8.3) | ||
| Anxious and behavioral disorders | 51 (11.4) | 4 (5.6) | ||
| Personality disorders | 16 (3.6) | 2 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 5 (1.1) | 3 (4.2) | ||
| Involuntary admission = yes (%) | 260 (51.6) | 76 (74.5) | 17.13a | < 0.001 |
| Admission HoNOS (median [IQR]) | 17.00 [11.00, 22.00] | 21.50 [15.25, 27.00] | 24.45b | < 0.001 |
| Discharge HoNOS (median [IQR]) | 9.00 [5.00, 14.00] | 12.00 [6.00, 19.75] | 10.01b | 0.002 |
| Admission HoNOS item 1 (median [IQR]) (overactive, aggressive, disruptive or agitated behavior) | 1.00 [0.00, 3.00] | 3.00 [2.00, 4.00] | 53.09b | < 0.001 |
| Discharge HoNOS item 1(median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 1.00 [0.00, 2.00] | 35.10b | < 0.001 |
| Stay duration (days) (median [IQR]) | 29.92 [15.74, 54.59] | 52.22 [24.63, 94.17] | 23.37b | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile Range, No. Number, HoNOS Health of the Nation Outcome Scales
aPearson’s Chi-squared test; bKruskal-Wallis rank-sum test; cFisher’s exact test