Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents with depression.
| Variables | Total (N=3,498) | With anxiety (N=1,579) | Without anxiety (N=1,919) | χ2 | P | |||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| Female | 1984 | 56.7 | 937 | 59.3 | 1047 | 54.6 | 8.07 | 0.005 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 11-15 | 1,745 | 49.9 | 739 | 46.8 | 1,006 | 52.4 | 10.95 | 0.001 |
| 16-20 | 1,753 | 50.1 | 840 | 53.2 | 913 | 47.6 | ||
| Grade | ||||||||
| Junior secondary school | 1,693 | 48.4 | 719 | 45.5 | 974 | 50.8 | 9.45 | 0.002 |
| Senior secondary school | 1,805 | 51.6 | 860 | 54.5 | 945 | 49.2 | ||
| Number of confirmed COVID-19 cases at provincial level | ||||||||
| 10-99 | 825 | 23.6 | 442 | 28.0 | 383 | 20.0 | 32.00 | <0.001 |
| 100-999 | 1,932 | 55.2 | 817 | 51.7 | 1,115 | 58.1 | ||
| 1,000-9,999 | 545 | 15.6 | 230 | 14.6 | 315 | 16.4 | ||
| >10,000 | 196 | 5.6 | 90 | 5.7 | 106 | 5.5 | ||
| Geographical regions | ||||||||
| Eastern | 844 | 24.1 | 341 | 21.6 | 503 | 26.2 | 46.82 | <0.001 |
| Southern | 124 | 3.5 | 52 | 3.3 | 72 | 3.8 | ||
| Central | 646 | 18.5 | 259 | 16.4 | 387 | 20.2 | ||
| Northern | 758 | 21.7 | 359 | 22.7 | 399 | 20.8 | ||
| Northwest | 733 | 21.0 | 403 | 25.5 | 330 | 17.2 | ||
| Southwest | 270 | 7.7 | 111 | 7.0 | 159 | 8.3 | ||
| Northeast | 123 | 3.5 | 54 | 3.4 | 69 | 3.6 | ||
| Acquaintance with COVID-19 | 143 | 4.1 | 68 | 4.3 | 75 | 3.9 | 0.35 | 0.55 |
| Parents as frontline workers | 312 | 8.9 | 162 | 10.3 | 150 | 7.8 | 6.36 | 0.01 |
| Concern about graduation | 1,955 | 55.9 | 933 | 59.1 | 1022 | 53.3 | 11.95 | 0.01 |
| Concern about COVID-19 | 2,580 | 73.8 | 1,182 | 74.9 | 1,398 | 72.9 | 1.8 | 0.18 |
| Strict mask-wearing and hand hygiene | 3,199 | 91.5 | 1,767 | 92.1 | 1,432 | 90.7 | 2.14 | 0.14 |
| Sleep duration/day | ||||||||
| <6h | 283 | 8.1 | 179 | 11.3 | 104 | 5.4 | 48.07 | <0.001 |
| 6-8h | 2,089 | 59.7 | 946 | 59.9 | 1,143 | 59.6 | ||
| >8h | 1,126 | 32.2 | 454 | 28.8 | 672 | 35.0 | ||
| Exercise duration/day | ||||||||
| <30min | 1,924 | 55.0 | 893 | 56.6 | 1,031 | 53.7 | 4.46 | 0.11 |
| 30-60min | 1,289 | 36.8 | 552 | 35.0 | 737 | 38.4 | ||
| >60min | 285 | 8.1 | 134 | 8.5 | 151 | 7.9 | ||
| Study duration/day | ||||||||
| <4h | 704 | 20.1 | 316 | 20.0 | 388 | 20.2 | 12.54 | 0.006 |
| 4-8h | 1,711 | 48.9 | 731 | 46.3 | 980 | 51.1 | ||
| >8h | 1083 | 31.0 | 532 | 33.7 | 551 | 28.7 | ||
| Participation in distance learning | 3,181 | 90.9 | 1,446 | 91.6 | 1,735 | 90.4 | 1.43 | 0.23 |
| Quantity of homework | ||||||||
| Lower than before | 903 | 25.8 | 376 | 23.8 | 527 | 27.5 | 54.12 | <0.001 |
| About the same | 1,946 | 55.6 | 826 | 52.3 | 1,120 | 58.4 | ||
| Higher than before | 649 | 18.6 | 377 | 23.9 | 272 | 14.2 | ||
| Residence | ||||||||
| Dorm | 33 | 0.9 | 10 | 0.6 | 23 | 1.2 | 2.96 | 0.09 |
| Other | 3,465 | 99.1 | 1,569 | 99.4 | 1,896 | 98.8 | ||
| Scale | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | T/Z | P |
| CES-D | 25.87 | 8.15 | 29.52 | 8.96 | 22.88 | 5.93 | -26.24 | <0.001 |
| GAD-7 | 4.81 | 4.45 | 8.59 | 3.90 | 1.70 | 1.46 | -51.26a | <0.001 |
a. Mann-Whitney U test; Bolded P-values: <0.05; COVID-19: Coronavirus Disease 2019; CES-D: 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; GAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SD: standard deviation.