Table 3.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of survivor and non-survivor patients.
| Overall (n = 350) | Deceased (n = 55) | Surviving (n = 295) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55 (39–70) | 75 (62–81) | 49 (37–64) | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 156 (44.6) | 26 (47.3) | 130 (44.1) | 0.661 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 128 (36.6) | 20 (36.4) | 108 (36.6) | 0.972 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 (24–31) | 26 (24–29) | 28 (25–31) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125 (110–145) | 110 (105–150) | 125 (110–140) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80 (70–90) | 70 (60–90) | 80 (70–90) | 0.003 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 81 (70–99) | 99 (78–120) | 79 (69–97) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms at admission, n (%) | ||||
| Fever | 166 (47.4) | 29 (52.7) | 137 (46.4) | 0.391 |
| Cough | 164 (46.9) | 19 (34.5) | 145 (49.2) | 0.046 |
| Shortness of breath | 118 (33.7) | 40 (72.7) | 78 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| Headache | 12 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 12 (4.1) | 0.128 |
| Diarrhea | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 0.453 |
| Fatigue, tiredness | 40 (11.4) | 0 (0) | 40 (13.6) | 0.004 |
| Muscle ache | 22 (6.3) | 2 (3.6) | 20 (6.8) | 0.378 |
| Sore throat | 28 (8) | 1 (1.8) | 27 (9.2) | 0.066 |
| Chest pain | 11 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 11 (3.7) | 0.146 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 40 (11.4) | 13 (23.6) | 27 (9.2) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 131 (37.4) | 33 (60) | 98 (33.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 64 (18.3) | 17 (30.9) | 47 (15.9) | 0.008 |
| Anemia | 54 (15.4) | 15 (27.2) | 39 (13.2) | 0.008 |
| Renal failure | 47 (13.4) | 21 (38.2) | 26 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 24 (6.9) | 8 (14.5) | 16 (5.4) | 0.014 |
| Coronary artery disease | 57 (16.3) | 14 (25.5) | 43 (14.6) | 0.045 |
| PCI/CABG | 33 (9.4) | 8 (14.5) | 25 (8.5) | 0.157 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4 (1.1) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (1) | 0.608 |
| Chronic heart failure (HFrEF) | 30 (8.6) | 11 (20) | 19 (6.4) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 21 (6.0) | 3 (5.5) | 18 (6.1) | 0.853 |
| COPD | 42 (12.0) | 12 (21.8) | 30 (10.1) | 0.015 |
| Malignancy | 10 (2.9) | 2 (3.6) | 8 (2.7) | 0.706 |
| CVA/TIA | 10 (2.9) | 5 (9.1) | 5 (1.7) | 0.003 |
| Chest CT findings, n (%) | ||||
| No significant finding | 54 (15.4) | 2 (3.6) | 52 (17.6) | 0.008 |
| Ground glass opacity | 253 (72.3) | 43 (78.2) | 210 (71.2) | 0.287 |
| Pneumonic consolidation | 48 (13.7) | 11 (20) | 37 (12.5) | 0.140 |
| Pleural effusion | 14 (4) | 6 (10.9) | 8 (2.7) | 0.004 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Urea, mg/dL | 35 (27–54) | 73 (32–92) | 33 (23–49) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.3 (0.8–1.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4 (3.5–4.3) | 3.1 (2.7–3.9) | 4.1 (3.7–4.3) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase, U/L | 25 (19–35) | 40 (22–59) | 23 (18–34) | <0.001 |
| Alanine transaminase, U/L | 23 (15–36) | 25 (15–36) | 23 (15–36) | 0.293 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 164 (150–291) | 745 (207–1078) | 150 (150–271) | <0.001 |
| Troponin I, ng/mL | 0.003 (0.002–0.007) | 0.006 (0.002–0.029) | 0.003 (0.002–0.006) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 12.8 (11–14.6) | 11 (10–12.8) | 13.1 (11.2–14.7) | <0.001 |
| Leukocyte, x103/μL | 7.8 (5.5–10.3) | 10.6 (5.5–14.7) | 7.4 (5.5–10.1) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte, x103/μL | 1.5 (1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 25 (10.7–94) | 94.9 (36.6–140) | 18.2 (7.8–45.2) | <0.001 |
| CRP/albumin ratio | 6.1 (3.1–21.9) | 57.5 (26.4–72.6) | 4.4 (2.6–15.1) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antiplatelet | 64 (18.3) | 19 (34.5) | 45 (15.3) | 0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 37 (10.6) | 13 (23.6) | 24 (8.1) | 0.001 |
| ACE-i/ARB | 85 (24.3) | 19 (34.5) | 66 (22.4) | 0.053 |
| Beta-blocker | 73 (20.9) | 18 (32.7) | 55 (18.6) | 0.018 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 14 (4) | 5 (9.1) | 9 (3.1) | 0.480 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.665 |
| Statin | 21 (6) | 3 (5.5) | 18 (6.1) | 0.853 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 350 (100) | 55 (100) | 295 (100) | – |
| Azithromycin | 252 (72) | 48 (87.3) | 204 (69.2) | 0.006 |
| Favipiravir | 44 (12.6) | 20 (36.4) | 24 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppressive agent | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Abbreviations: ACE-i, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery by-pass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computed tomography; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.