Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Included Participants in This Study
| Control (n=54) | IDD (n=71) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 55.6 ± 17.2 | 59.0 ± 16.1 | 0.259 |
| Gender | |||
| Female (n, %) | 30 (55.6%) | 39 (54.9%) | 0.545 |
| Male (n, %) | 24 (44.4%) | 32 (45.1%) | |
| Smoking (n, %) | 14 (25.9%) | 28 (39.4%) | 0.081 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 25.62 ± 3.11 | 26.77 ± 5.37 | 0.164 |
| DM (n, %) | 19 (35.2%) | 22 (31.0%) | 0.458 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 25 (46.3%) | 33 (46.5%) | 0.564 |
| Symptom duration (months, mean ± SD) | — | 30.00 ± 9.04 | — |
| Pfirmann Grade (n, %) | |||
| 2 | — | 7 (9.9%) | — |
| 3 | — | 10 (14.1%) | — |
| 4 | — | 28 (39.4%) | — |
| 5 | — | 26 (36.6%) | — |
| Melatonin (pg/mL, mean ± SD) | 3.072 ± 0.511 | 1.906 ± 1.041 | <0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL, mean ± SD) | 31.74 ± 9.84 | 33.85 ± 11.61 | 0.290 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL, mean ± SD) | 0.328 ± 0.047 | 0.531 ± 0.156 | <0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL, mean ± SD) | 1.975 ± 0.078 | 2.523 ± 0.642 | <0.001 |
Notes: Statistical analysis (P value) of differences in levels between control and IDD participants was performed using unpaired t-test or Chi-square analysis. The comparison with statistical significance was in bold in the table.