Table 3.
Generalized linear mixed-effects estimates of substance use and other factors associated with HIV-1 RNA viral load (log10copies/ml plasma).
| Covariate | Univariate β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Crack cocaine use β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Opioid use β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Cocaine use β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Methamphetamine use β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Cannabis use β (95% confidence interval) | Multivariable model: Alcohol use β (95% confidence interval) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crack cocainea | Any | 0.312 (0.255–0.369) | 0.068 (0.022–0.113) | 0.065 (0.019–0.11) | 0.067 (0.021–0.112) | 0.072 (0.027–0.117) | 0.075 (0.029–0.121) | 0.070 (0.025–0.116) |
| ≥ Daily | 0.681 (0.608–0.753) | 0.163 (0.104–0.221) | 0.158 (0.099–0.217) | 0.163 (0.104–0.222) | 0.170(0.112–0.229) | 0.174 (0.115–0.233) | 0.163 (0.104–0.222) | |
| Opioidsa | Any | 0.143 (0.066–0.220) | 0.028 (−0.033 to 0.089) | 0.024 (−0.036 to 0.085) | ||||
| ≥ Daily | 0.045 (−0.146 to 0.235) | 0.018 (−0.13 to 0.165) | 0.008 (−0.139 to 0.155) | |||||
| Cocainea | Any | 0.065 (−0.035 to 0.165) | 0.003 (−0.075 to 0.081) | |||||
| ≥ Daily | 0.165 (0.063–0.267) | −0.020 (−0.099 to 0.06) | ||||||
| Methamphetamine usea | Any | −0.071 (−0.156 to 0.014) | −0.028 (−0.094 to 0.038) | −0.024 (−0.09 to 0.041) | −0.019 (−0.085 to 0.048) | −0.021 (−0.087 to 0.045) | ||
| ≥ Daily | −0.281 (−0.457 to −0.105) | −0.121 (−0.257 to 0.015) | −0.123 (−0.259 to 0.012) | −0.111 (−0.247 to 0.026) | −0.117 (−0.252 to 0.019) | |||
| Cannabisa | Any | 0.067 (0.004–0.131) | −0.003 (−0.053 to 0.046) | −0.006 (−0.055 to 0.043) | 0.004 (−0.047 to 0.054) | |||
| ≥ Daily | −0.025 (−0.104 to 0.054) | −0.063 (−0.122 to −0.003) | −0.067 (−0.127 to −0.007) | −0.059 (−0.119 to 0.002) | ||||
| Alcohola | Any | 0.002 (−0.053 to 0.057) | −0.037 (−0.081 to 0.006) | −0.042 (−0.085 to 0.001) | ||||
| ≥ Daily | −0.021 (−0.135 to 0.093) | −0.039 (−0.128 to 0.050) | −0.049 (−0.137 to 0.038) | |||||
| Sex | Male | −0.205 (−0.336 to −0.074) | 0.050 (−0.039 to 0.139) | |||||
| Age | Per year | −0.082 (−0.088 to −0.076) | −0.023 (−0.027, −0.019) | −0.023 (−0.027 to −0.019) | −0.023 (−0.027 to −0.019) | −0.025 (−0.029 to −0.021) | −0.025 (−0.029 to −0.021) | −0.023 (−0.027 to −0.019) |
| Homelessnessa | Yes | 0.626 (0.558–0.694) | 0.189 (0.135–0.243) | 0.188 (0.134–0.243) | 0.188 (0.134–0.243) | 0.189 (0.135–0.244) | ||
| IDUa | Yes | 0.327 (0.269–0.386) | 0.119 (0.074–0.165) | 0.120 (0.074–0.166) | 0.120 (0.074–0.166) | 0.128 (0.082–0.173) | 0.127 (0.081–0.173) | 0.124 (0.079–0.170) |
| CD4+ cell countb | Per 100 cells/μl | −0.072 (−0.098 to −0.045) | 0.086 (−0.104 to −0.068) | −0.084 (−0.102 to −0.066) | −0.085 (−0.103 to −0.067) | −0.085 (−0.104 to −0.067) | −0.084 (−0.102, − 0.066) | −0.085 (−0.102 to −0.067) |
| ART exposurea | Per 100 days | −1.199 (−1.231 to −1.168) | −1.102 (−1.135 to −1.069) | −1.101 (−1.135 to −1.068) | −1.102 (−1.135 to −1.069) | −1.118 (−1.15 to −1.085) | −1.119 (−1.152 to −1.087) | −1.102 (−1.135 to −1.069) |
ART, antiretroviral therapy.
a
Last six months.
b
Current status.