Table 1. Characteristics of the mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants according to the mode of birth and maternal secretor status.
| VSe+ (n = 21) | CSe+ (n = 27) | VSe- (n = 4) | CSe- (n = 2) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers | |||||
| Age, years (mean (SD)) | 31 (6) | 31 (7) | 31 (6) | 26 (2) | 0.738f |
| BMI, kg/m2 (median (p25 –p75)) | |||||
| Pre-gestational | 24.8 (22.4–27.9) | 23.6 (21.5–30.6) | 22.5 (21.3–22.7) | 22.5 (21.5–23.5) | 0.403g |
| At inclusion | 26.8 (24.4–29.0) | 25.8 (23.3–31.2) | 23.3 (22.1–24.8) | 25.2 (24.3–26.2) | 0.446g |
| Parity, n (median (p25 –p75)) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.535g |
| Allergic disease, n (%) | 6 (29) | 5 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.498h |
| Education, n (%) a | |||||
| Elementary school | 2 (11) | 2 (8) | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | 1.000h |
| High school | 9 (47) | 6 (25) | 2 (50) | 2 (100) | >0.086h |
| Graduate | 5 (26) | 11 (46) | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | >0.221h |
| Postgraduate | 1 (5) | 5 (21) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.205h |
| Infants | |||||
| Gestational age at birth, weeks (mean (SD)) | 38.90 (1.10) | 38.97 (1.40) | 38.57 (1.41) | 38.78 (0.71) | 0.960f |
| Birth weight, g (mean (SD)) | 3097.50 (731.90) | 3179.77 (436.62) | 3232.50 (202.05) | 3097.50 (731.86) | 0.922f |
| Age at inclusion, days (mean (SD)) | 32.4 (10.7) | 40.0 (14.7) | 28.8 (5.9) | 33.5 (19.1) | 0.151f |
| Weight at inclusion, g (median (p25 –p75)) | 4177.50 (2690.00–5665.00) | 4250.00 (3677.50–5002.50) | 4192.50 (4037.50–4345.00) | 4177.50 (2690.00–5665.00) | 0.990g |
| Length at inclusion, g (mean (SD)) | 53.7 (2.4) | 54.0 (3.3) | 53.5 (1.3) | 52.8 (5.3) | 0.937f |
| Weight gain, g/day (mean (SD)) b | 28.49 (14.82) | 26.89 (11.98) | 32.35 (8.84) | 24.56 (26.95) | 0.864f |
| Sex, n (%) c | |||||
| Male | 8 (38) | 14 (54) | 2 (50) | 1 (50) | >0.380h |
| Female | 13 (62) | 12 (46) | 2 (50) | 1 (50) | >0.380h |
| Household | |||||
| Household with siblings, n (%) d | 10 (53) | 7 (33) | 3 (75) | 1 (50) | >0.270h |
| Household with pets, n (%) e | 7 (37) | 6 (30) | 2 (50) | 1 (50) | >0.580h |
VSe+: Vaginally born, secretor; CSe+: Cesarean born, secretor; VSe-: Vaginally born, non-secretor; CSe-: Cesarean born, non-secretor
a missing data from 2 mothers from group VSe+ and 3 mothers from group CSe+
b Weight gain = (weight at inclusion—birth weight)/age at inclusion
c missing data from 1 infant from group CSe+
d missing data from 2 infants from group VSe+ and 6 infants from group CSe+
e missing data from 2 mother-infant pairs from VSe+ and 7 pairs from group CSe+
f One-way ANOVA
g Kruskal-Wallis test
h Fisher’s Exact Test.