Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | Overall N = 99 | Non-AKI N = 41 | AKI N = 58 | AKI stage 1 N = 12 | AKI stage 2 N = 16 | AKI stage 3 N = 29 | p value Non-AKI vs. AKI | p value across AKI stages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years‡ | 52.9 (13.2) | 48.4 (12.3) | 56.1(13.2) | 57.08 (11.9) | 57.25 (13.3) | 55.45 (14.1) | 0.01 | 0.67 |
| Male [n (%)] | 74 (74.7) | 30 (73) | 44 (73) | 9 (75) | 12 (75) | 22 (75.8) | 0.81 | 1.00 |
| Symptoms | ||||||||
| Diarrhea [n (%)] | 19 (18.8) | 8 (19) | 11 (18.9) | 2 (16) | 4 (25) | 5 (17) | 1.00 | 0.79 |
| Rhinorrhea [n (%)] | 36 (35.6) | 15 (36.5) | 21 (36.2) | 2 (16.6) | 3 (18.7) | 15 (51) | 1.00 | 0.02 |
| Anosmia [n (%)] | 4 (3.96) | 2 (4.8) | 3 (5.1) | 0 | 0 | 3 (10.3) | 1.00 | 0.22 |
| Cough [n (%)] | 4 (43.96) | 34 (82.9) | 54 (93.1) | 9 (75) | 16 (100) | 28 (96.5) | 0.19 | 0.02 |
| Dyspnea [n (%)] | 90 (89.1) | 33 (80.4) | 57 (98.2) | 11 (91.6) | 16 (100) | 29 (100) | 0.01 | 0.15 |
| Odynophagia [n (%)] | 53 (52.4) | 26 (63.4) | 27 (46.5) | 4 (33.3) | 9 (56.2) | 13 (44.8) | 0.10 | 0.48 |
| Fever [n (%)] | 93 (92.07) | 38 (92.6) | 55 (94.8) | 11 (91.6) | 15 (93.7) | 28 (96.5) | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| Headache [n (%)] | 93 (92.0) | 31 (75.6) | 42 (72.4) | 9 (75) | 12 (75) | 20 (68.9) | 0.81 | 0.88 |
| Asthenia [n (%)] | 87 (86.1) | 34 (82.9) | 53 (91.3) | 11 (91.6) | 14 (87.5) | 27 (93.1) | 0.22 | 0.83 |
| Myalgia [n (%)] | 84 (83.1) | 36 (87.8) | 48 (82.7) | 10 (83.3) | 13 (81.2) | 24 (82.7) | 0.57 | 0.98 |
| Expectoration [n (%)] | 29 (28.7) | 10 (24.3) | 19 (32.7) | 4 (33.3) | 5 (31.2) | 10 (34.4) | 0.50 | 0.97 |
| Nausea [n (%)] | 15 (14.8) | 6 (14.6) | 9 (15.5) | 2 (16.6) | 1 (6.2) | 6 (20) | 1.00 | 0.50 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 30 (29.7) | 9 (21.9) | 21 (36.2) | 6 (50) | 4 (25) | 11 (37.9) | 0.18 | 0.39 |
| ACE2 i [n (%)] | 4 (3.9) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (5.1) | 0 | 1 (6.2) | 2 (6.8) | 0.63 | 0.65 |
| ARB [n (%)] | 15 (14.8) | 6 (14.6) | 9 (15.5) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (6.2) | 4 (13.7) | 1.00 | 0.17 |
| Obesity [n (%)] | 56 (55.4) | 10 (25.6) | 28 (50.9) | 3 (27.2) | 6 (37.5) | 18 (66.6) | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| Class 1 [n (%)] | 25 (62.5) | 7 (70) | 18 (60) | 3 (75) | 3 (50) | 11 (57.8) | 0.69 | 0.52 |
| Class 2 [n (%)] | 8 (20) | 2 (20) | 6 (20) | 1 (25) | 1 (16.6) | 4 (21) | ||
| Class 3 [n (%)] | 7 (17.5) | 1 (10) | 6 (20) | 0 | 2 (33.3) | 4 (21.0) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 * | 29.7 (25.99–33.118) | 27.6 (25.1–30.1) | 31.1 (27.7–34.7) | 28.7 (26.3–31.8) | 29.7 (26.2–31.9 | 32.8 (29.3–37.5) | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | 27 (26.7) | 10 (19.6) | 17 (34.6) | 4 (36.3) | 3 (23.0) | 10 (40) | 0.11 | 0.58 |
| Dyslipidemia [n (%)] | 7 (6.9) | 2 (4.8) | 5 (8.6) | 3 (25) | 0 | 2 (6.8) | 0.69 | 0.06 |
| Heart Disease [n (%)] | 4 (3.9) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (9.1) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0.35 | 0.56 |
| Pulmonary Disease [n (%)] | 5 (4.95) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (6) | 1 (9.09) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0.67 | 0.56 |
| Rheumatic Disease [n (%)] | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (4) | 2 (18.1) | 0 | 0 | 0.61 | 0.02 |
| Allergic [n (%)] | 10 (9.9) | 5 (9.8) | 5 (10.2) | 2 (18.1) | 0 | 3 (12) | 1.00 | 0.31 |
| Cancer [n (%)] | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (4) | 1 (9.09) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0.61 | 0.53 |
| Smoker [n (%)] | 3 (2.9) | 13 (25.4) | 7 (14.2) | 3 (27.2) | 0 | 4 (16) | 0.21 | 0.16 |
| Comorbidities [n (%)] | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (1–1) | 2 (1–3) | 0.45 | 0.01 | |
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Drugs before admission [n (%)] | 67 (66.3) | 34 (66.6) | 34 (69.3) | 7 (63.6) | 8 (61.5) | 19 (76) | 0.83 | 0.59 |
| Quinines [n (%)] | 81 (80.1) | 43 (97.7) | 38 (95) | 10 (100) | 10 (90.9) | 18 (94.7) | 0.60 | 0.63 |
| Hydroxychloroquine [n (%)] | 43 (42.5) | 22 (43.1) | 16 (32) | 6 (66.6) | 5 (50) | 10 (55.5) | 0.62 | 0.90 |
| Chloroquine [n (%)] | 38 (37.6) | 21 (41.1) | 19 (38) | 3 (33.3) | 5 (50) | 8 (44.4) | ||
| Oseltamivir [n (%)] | 76 (75.24) | 37 (72) | 39 (79) | 10 (100) | 11 (100) | 18 (94.7) | 0.05 | 0.57 |
| Antibiotics [n (%)] | 79 (78.2) | 40 (78.4) | 39 (79.5) | 10 (25.6) | 10 (25.6) | 19 (48.7) | 0.38 | 0.42 |
| Ceftriaxone [n (%)] | 79 (78.2) | 38 (74.5) | 36 (73.4) | 10 (100) | 9 (90) | 17 (84.2) | ||
| Meropenem [n (%)] | 74 (73.2) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (4) | 0 | 1 (10) | 1 (5.2) | ||
| Amikacin [n (%)] | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.2) | ||
| Piperacillin/Tazobactam [n (%)] | 1 (0.99) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.2) | ||
| Enoxaparin [n (%)] | 81 (80.2) | 44 (86.2) | 37 (75.5) | 9 (90) | 10 (100) | 18 (94.7) | 0.21 | 0.60 |
AKI, acute kidney injury; ACE2 i, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril, captopril); ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan, telmisartan); BMI, body mass index; Class 1 obesity: BMI of 30 to < 35 kg/m2; Class 2 obesity: BMI of 35 to < 40 kg/m2; Class 3 obesity: BMI of 40 kg/m2 or higher.
*Data are expressed as medians (interquartile ranges).
‡Data are expressed as means (standard deviation).