Fig 8. Asymptotic estimates of means and variances of genotype mismatch (GM) (Eq 113), allele mismatch (AM) (Eq 114), and transition-transversion (TiTv) (Eq 115) distance metrics in GWAS data (p ≫ 1).

GWAS data $X_{ia}\sim \mathcal{B}(2,f_a)$, where f_a for all $a\in \mathcal{A}$ are the probabilities of a minor allele occurring at locus a. For the TiTv distance metric, we have the additional encoding that uses γ₀ = P(PuPu), γ₁ = P(PuPy), and γ₂ = P(PyPy).