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. 2021 Feb 4;16:803–832. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S294417

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© 2021 Salek Maghsoudi et al.

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Fabrication scheme of the visualized lead biosensor. Step 1. The decomposition of GR-5 DNAzyme by lead ions releases DNA fragments connecting magnetic particles and gold nanoparticles. Step 2. Subsequent magnetic separation, the connected AuNPs are released by denaturation and then used to attach a second pair of magnetic microparticles and polystyrene microparticles. Finally, the change of solution turbidity due to reduced Mie scattering. Reprinted from Chu LT, Leung HM, Lo PK, Chen T-H. Visual detection of lead ions based on nanoparticle-amplified magnetophoresis and Mie scattering. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2020;306:127564. Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.¹¹⁴