Table 3.
Biosensing Characteristics for Mercury and Cadmium Detection
| Analyte | Biosensing Main Components | Type of Transducer | LOD (ppb) | Linear Range (ppb) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury | ExoIII and TdT dependent isothermal amplification, template sequence in the form of a hairpin, two thymine-rich ends, TMB, and H2O2. | Optical (colorimetric) | 0.082 | 0.2–5 | [150] |
| Label-free biosensor, Hg2+-induced cleavage of PS modified RNA, Hg-DPR linked with SWNTs/FET. | Electrochemical (conductometric) | 0.002 | 0.01–20, 20–2000 | [151] | |
| Off-On biosensor, GCE, ECL substrate: complex of Ruthenium(II) tris-(bipyridine)(Ru(bpy)3 2+)/CD-AuNps, ECL intensity switch: single hairpin DNA probe, ferrocene tag, | Optical (electrochemiluminescence) | 0.02 | 0.02–800 | [152] | |
| Reusable biosensor, AQDS as an anionic intercalator, glassy carbon electrode, ssDNA, AuNPs, OMC, SPAN nanofibers. | Electrochemical (voltammetric and impedimetric) | 0.12×10−6 | 1.2×10−6-200 | [153] | |
| A signal on the biosensor, Au electrode, Au screen-printed electrode, oligonucleotide consisting of polythymine modified in 5′ with a –SH functional group, and 3′ with methylene blue. | Electrochemical (square wave voltammetry) | 0.02 | 0.04–20 | [154] | |
| Fluorometric biosensor, CDs labeled thymine-rich22-mer oligonucleotide as the molecular recognition element and energy donor, GO as the FRET acceptor, ODN, NHS, EDC. | Optical (fluorescence) | 0.52 | 1–40 | [155] | |
| Signal-off and reusable biosensor, graphene nanosheets modified electrode, Fc-tagged T-rich ss-DNA, target DNA probe. | Electrochemical (differential pulse Voltammetry) | 0.001 | 0.005–2×10−6 | [156] | |
| Lateral flow biosensors, AC adsorbent, streptavidin-biotinylated DNA probes (Test and Control line probes), thiolated DNA probe modified with Au-NPs, diammonium hydrogen phosphate as an activating agent, quantification by smartphone reader. | Optical (colorimetric) | 0.5 | 0.4–1.4 | [157] | |
| δ-PGA-G-luminol composite, glassy carbon electrode, amino-modified DNA1, biotin-modified DNA2, streptavidin, | Optical (electrochemiluminescence) | 0.001 | 0.002–20 | [158] | |
| DNA-TWJ tagged with ruthenium (II) complex (5′-amino-ss-DNA (TW), complementary ss-DNA (J1) tagged with ruthenium at 5 terminal (Ru-J1)), glassy carbon electrode, 4-aminobenzoic acid. | Optical (electrochemiluminescence) | 0.008×10−3 | 2×10−5-0.002 | [159] | |
| Thymine-rich DNA, SYBR Green I, polyacrylamide hydrogel, 96-well microplates. | Optical (fluorescence) | 2 | - | [160] | |
| Cadmium | CPE, dsDNA: poly C DNA, poly G DNA, EG. | Electrochemical (differential pulse voltammetry) | 0.073×10−3 | 0.243×10−3-0.243 and 2.43–2438.5 | [161] |
| SPE, issAP08-Cd2+ aptamer, ITC, K3[Fe(CN)6] solution containing KCl. | Electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry) | 0.05 | 0.1–1000 | [162] | |
| Light-up biosensor, biotin, and streptavidin, CD, selective aptamers, FAM, Dabcyl (4-[4-(dimethylamino) phenylazo] benzoic acid. |
Optical (fluorescence) | 9.75 | 0–243.85 | [163] | |
| Label-free, regenerable biosensor, DNA probe, DPI, bare silicon oxynitride chip, PEI, T30 oligonucleotides. | Combination of CD, UV-vis, and FTIR techniques | 0.61 | 3.6–7280 | [164] | |
| LC biosensor, DNA containing –SH and –NH2 group in 5′-end and 3′ respectively, DMOAP, APTES, GA, 5CB, a glass slide. |
Optical (polarized light microscope) |
0.024 | - | [165] | |
| Enzyme biosensor, bare gold electrode, Aspergillus oryzae, beta-galactosidase, GA, K3Fe(CN)6, and K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O. |
Electrochemical (impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry) | 6.95 by EIS, and 7.61× 10–3 by SWV | 2.36–2.36 × 107 by EIS, 2.36 × 10–3-2.94 × 107 by SWV | [166] | |
| Signal-on biosensor, gold electrode, thiolated ssDNA, methylene blue, K3Fe(CN)6 solution. | Electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) | 0.3×10−3 | 10−3 - 20×10−3 | [167] | |
| Whole-Cell biosensor, Escherichia coli MG1655 (pBR-PzntA), green fluorescent protein: gfpuv, M9, and MOPS supplemented medium, Luria-Broth medium. |
Optical (fluorescence) | 2 | - | [146] | |
| Multiplex biosensor including E. coli DH5α, P. aeruginosa PAO1 (pBBcadRgfp-rfp), S. oneidensis MR-1 (pBBcadRgfprfp), Enterobacter sp. NCR3 (pBBcadRgfp-rfp), Enterobacter sp. LCR17 (pBBcadRgfp-rfp), cloning cadRgfp as a single-output cadmium biosensor element, mrfp1, broad-host range vector, red and green fluorescence proteins, slope agar plates. |
Optical (fluorescence) | DH5α: 500–2000 PAO1: 100 MR-1: 104 NCR3: 250 LCR17: 1000 |
- | [168] | |
| Portable biosensor, PGM as POU, aptamer, Exo III for Recycling signal amplification process, magnetic separation, SA-MBs-DNA1-DNA2, DNA3-DNA4 duplex, DNA5-invertase conjugates | Optical (colorimetric) | 1.219×10−3 | 4.877×10−3-48.77 | [169] | |
| Enzyme mimics biotinylated Cd2+ aptamers, thiolated csDNA, streptavidin-coated microplate, gold nanoparticles, MoS2 nanosheets, Au-MoS2 nanocomposites with peroxidase-like activity, TMB. | Optical (colorimetric) | 0.7 | 1–500 | [170] |
Abbreviations: ExoIII, exonuclease III; TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; TMB, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine; PS, phosphorothioate; Hg-DPR, specific single stranded DNA embedded four PS-modified RNA; SWNTs/FET, single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistor; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; GCE, glass carbon electrode; CD-AuNps, cyclodextrins-Au nanoparticles; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; OMC, ordered mesoporous carbon; SPAN, self-doped polyaniline; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; AQDS, disodium-anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate; CDs, carbon dots; GO, graphene oxide; ODN, oligodeoxyribonucleotide, NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide; EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide; Fc, ferrocene; AC, activated carbon; δ-PGA-G-luminol, gamma-polyglutamic acid-graphene-luminol; DNA-TWJ, DNA three-way junction structure; CPE, carbon paste electrode; dsDNA, double strand DNA; EG, ethyl green; SPE, screen-printed electrode; ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry; FAM, 6-carboxyl fluorescein; CD, circular dichroism; DPI, dual polarization interferometry, PEI, poly(ethyleneimine) solution, FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; LC, liquid crystal; DMOAP, N, N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilyl chloride; APTES, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane; GA, glutaraldehyde; 5CB, LC 4-cyano-4ʹ-pentylbiphenyl; PGM, personal glucose meter; POU, point-of-use; SA-MBs, streptavidin-coated magnetic beads; TMB, 3,3ʹ,5,5ʹ-tetramethylbenzidine.