Table 2.

Exploratory Factor Analysis for Youth Report of Asian American Parental Racial/Ethnic Socialization

Factor/Item	Loading
1. Maintenance of heritage culture (15 items)
Told you to speak in their heritage language.	.71
Spoke regularly to you in their Asian-heritage language.	.71
Encouraged you to be proud of your culture.	.71
Told you to never lose your culture.	.69
Routinely cooked Asian food for you.	.66
Showed you that because they are immigrants they have worked hard to come to this country.	.66
Showed you that it’s important to spend time with people who are also of Asian background.	.64
Celebrated your heritage culture’s holidays.	.63
Spent time with relatives who are from their home country.	.63
Used “ethnic” media (e.g., newspapers, books, TV shows).	.60
Visited stores and professionals (such as doctors, business owners) of their own ethnicity/culture.	.59
Told you that you are more Asian than American.	.59
Took you to visit their home country.	.52
Lived in a community with people of the same cultural background.	.45
Attended an “ethnic” church (e.g., Korean church, Taiwanese church).	.37
2. Becoming American (6 items)
Felt comfortable speaking English.	.72
Had close friends who were Americans.	.70
Invited American people over to your house.	.68
Spent time with Americans.	.68
Routinely cooked American food for you.	.55
Celebrated American holidays.	.54
3. Awareness of discrimination (11 items)
Talked to you about why some people will treat you unfairly because your Asian background.	.91
Told you that you have to work a lot harder in order to get the same rewards as others because of your Asian background.	.89
Told you that people may try to take advantage of you because of your Asian background.	.86
Talked to you about a time when they were treated unfairly because they are Asian.	.85
Told you that people may limit you because of your Asian background.	.79
Talked to someone else about racial/ethnic discrimination when you could hear them.	.72
Showed you what to do if you experience unfair treatment because of your Asian background.	.72
Explained something in the media (TV, books, movie, internet, news) to you that showed unfair treatment against Asian people.	.65
Told you that people will have expectations about your abilities because you are Asian.	.59
Told you that if you experience unfair treatment because of your Asian background you should ignore it.	.58
Told you that you have to speak good English in order to avoid being treated unfairly.	.56
4. Avoidance of outgroups (12 items)
Showed you that you should not be friends with people of certain racial/ethnic backgrounds.	.98
Encouraged you to keep a distance from people of other races or ethnicities.	.97
Showed you that you cannot trust people of other races or ethnicities.	.96
Done things to show you that other race/ethnic groups are dangerous.	.89
Told you to avoid another racial or ethnic group.	.89
Moved away from sitting or standing next to a person of another race.	.81
Told you that you should not date someone from certain racial or ethnic backgrounds.	.75
Told you to be careful around different racial groups.	.73
Made comments to you that stereotyped other racial or ethnic groups.	.73
Told you that your culture is better than other cultures.	.69
Talked to you about the dangers of American culture.	.62
Showed disapproval of American culture.	.60
5. Minimization of race (3 items)
Told you that racism doesn’t exist.	.81
Gave you the impression that issues of race and racism were not important.	.68
Gave you the impression that they were not comfortable talking about issues of race.	.44
6. Promotion of equality (5 items)
Told you that all people are equal regardless of their racial or ethnic background	.76
Treated all of your friends in the same way regardless of their racial or ethnic background.	.67
Treated people of other races/ethnicities all in the same way.	.66
Showed you that all people are equal regardless of race or ethnicity.	.64
Told you that race or ethnicity is NOT important in choosing friends.	.63
7. Cultural pluralism (9 items)
Talked to you about important people or events in the history of racial/ethnic groups other than your own.	.84
Took you to places or events that celebrated cultures other than your own (museums, festivals).	.82
Told you that it’s important to be exposed to people who have different viewpoints than you do.	.79
Showed you that it’s important to spend time with people who are of other race/ethnicities.	.79
Took you to neighborhoods, stores or other public places where you saw people of cultures/ethnicities different than your own.	.73
Discussed the importance of racial/ethnic diversity.	.63
Encouraged you to have friends from other racial/ethnic backgrounds.	.63
Showed you that you should be open-minded about other people’s opinions, regardless of racial or ethnic background.	.61
Took you to restaurants or prepared meals with food of different cultures.	.61