Table 3.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Youth Report of Asian American Parental Racial/Ethnic Socialization
| Factor/Item | χ2(df) | RMSEA | CFI | λ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Maintenance of heritage culture (9 items) | 76.76 (27) | .06 | .98 | |
| Routinely cooked Asian food for you. | .65 | |||
| Spent time with relatives who are from their home country. | .62 | |||
| Told you to speak in their heritage language. | .78 | |||
| Visited stores and professionals (such as doctors, business owners) of their own ethnicity/culture. | .70 | |||
| Showed you that because they are immigrants they have worked hard to come to this country. | .73 | |||
| Celebrated your heritage culture’s holidays. | .66 | |||
| Used “ethnic” media (e.g., newspapers, books, TV shows). | .63 | |||
| Took you to visit their home country. | .58 | |||
| Encouraged you to be proud of your culture. | .63 | |||
| 2. Becoming American (4 items) | 1.81 (2) | .00 | 1.00 | |
| Had close friends who were Americans. | .93 | |||
| Spent time with Americans. | .83 | |||
| Felt comfortable speaking English. | .80 | |||
| Invited American people over to your house. | .89 | |||
| 3. Awareness of discrimination (4 items) | 1.71 (2) | .00 | 1.00 | |
| Talked to you about why some people will treat you unfairly because your Asian background. | .92 | |||
| Told you that people may try to take advantage of you because of your Asian background. | .87 | |||
| Told you that people may limit you because of your Asian background. | .84 | |||
| Told you that you have to work a lot harder in order to get the same rewards as others because of your Asian background. | .86 | |||
| 4. Avoidance of outgroups (4 items) | .50 (2) | .00 | 1.00 | |
| Told you to avoid another racial or ethnic group. | .85 | |||
| Moved away from sitting or standing next to a person of another race. | .81 | |||
| Showed you that you cannot trust people of other races or ethnicities. | .94 | |||
| Showed you that you should not be friends with people of certain racial/ethnic backgrounds. | .97 | |||
| 5. Minimization of race (3 items) | — | — | — | |
| Gave you the impression that they were not comfortable talking about issues of race. | .51 | |||
| Told you that racism doesn’t exist. | .90 | |||
| Gave you the impression that issues of race and racism were not important. | .81 | |||
| 6. Promotion of equality (3 items) | — | — | — | |
| Showed you that all people are equal regardless of race or ethnicity. | .95 | |||
| Told you that race or ethnicity is not important in choosing friends. | .84 | |||
| Treated people of other races/ethnicities all in the same way. | .77 | |||
| 7. Cultural pluralism (4 items) | 5.69 (2) | .06 | 1.00 | |
| Encouraged you to have friends from other racial/ethnic backgrounds. | .86 | |||
| Discussed the importance of racial/ethnic diversity. | .88 | |||
| Showed you that it’s important to spend time with people who are of other race/ethnicities. | .88 | |||
| Showed you that you should be open-minded about other people’s opinions, regardless of racial or ethnic background. | .79 |
Note. Model fit indices for subscales Minimization of Race and Egalitarianism were not available because of model saturation.