Table 4.
Group | β | t | pβ | sr2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Immigrant Asian American (N = 285) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .14, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .04 | 0.65 | .51 | .001 |
Confusion | .36 | 6.57 | < .001 | .13 |
Ethnic identity | −.07 | −1.30 | .20 | .01 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .001, p = .94 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | .001 | 0.17 | .99 | .000001 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | .04 | 0.63 | .53 | .001 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | .01 | 0.23 | .82 | .0002 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .001, p = .60 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | .03 | 0.52 | .60 | .001 |
Nonimmigrant Asian American (N = 549) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .17, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .12 | 2.94 | .003 | .01 |
Confusion | .38 | 9.81 | < .001 | .15 |
Ethnic identity | −.01 | −0.20 | .84 | .0001 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .07 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | −.08 | −1.20 | .05 | .01 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | .06 | 1.35 | .18 | .003 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | .05 | 1.31 | .19 | .003 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .02 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | −.11 | −2.44 | .02 | .01 |
Immigrant Black/African American (N = 92) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .32, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .33 | 3.56 | .001 | .10 |
Confusion | .47 | 5.31 | < .001 | .22 |
Ethnic identity | −.09 | −0.97 | .34 | .01 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .69 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | −.09 | −0.90 | .37 | .01 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | .01 | 0.13 | .90 | .0001 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | −.05 | −0.45 | .65 | .002 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .003, p = .52 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | .08 | 0.65 | .52 | .003 |
Nonimmigrant Black/African American (N = 474) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .25, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .10 | 2.38 | .02 | .01 |
Confusion | .50 | 12.39 | < .001 | .25 |
Ethnic identity | −.02 | −0.54 | .59 | .001 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .001, p = .87 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | .02 | 0.51 | .61 | .0004 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | −.02 | −0.41 | .68 | .0003 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | −.02 | −0.57 | .57 | .001 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .001, p = .34 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | −.04 | −0.95 | .34 | .001 |
Immigrant Hispanic or Latino(a) (N = 239) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .31, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .15 | 2.77 | .01 | .02 |
Confusion | .51 | 9.31 | < .001 | .25 |
Ethnic identity | .03 | 0.48 | .63 | .001 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .53 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | −.01 | −1.40 | .89 | .0001 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | .01 | 0.11 | .92 | .00004 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | .08 | 1.43 | .15 | .01 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .05 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | .11 | 1.95 | .05 | .01 |
Nonimmigrant Hispanic or Latino(a) (N = 835) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .23, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .10 | 3.35 | .001 | .01 |
Confusion | .46 | 15.06 | < .001 | .21 |
Ethnic identity | −.02 | −0.54 | .59 | .0003 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .004, p = .21 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | −.01 | −2.70 | .79 | .0001 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | −.06 | −2.00 | .05 | .004 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | −.01 | −0.45 | .65 | .0002 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .0001, p = .69 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | −.01 | −0.40 | .69 | .0001 |
Immigrant White/European American (N = 182) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = 26, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .14 | 2.11 | .04 | .02 |
Confusion | .46 | 6.94 | < .001 | .20 |
Ethnic identity | .06 | 0.86 | .39 | .003 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .63 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | .01 | .08 | .94 | .00003 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | −.09 | −1.32 | .19 | .01 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | .01 | .14 | .89 | .0001 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .01, p = .16 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | −.10 | −1.41 | .16 | .01 |
Nonimmigrant White/European American (N = 4582) | ||||
Step 1 | R2 = .26, p < .001 | |||
Discrimination | .14 | 11.07 | < .001 | .02 |
Confusion | .46 | 35.50 | < .001 | .20 |
Ethnic identity | −.01 | −0.94 | .35 | .0001 |
Step 2 | ΔR2 = .00008, p = .92 | |||
Discrimination × confusion | .01 | .52 | .60 | .0001 |
Discrimination × ethnic identity | .01 | .45 | .65 | .00004 |
Confusion × ethnic identity | −.0001 | −0.01 | .99 | .00000001 |
Step 3 | ΔR2 = .0001, p = .54 | |||
Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity | .01 | .61 | .54 | .0001 |
Note. Discrimination = perceived discrimination; Confusion = identity confusion.