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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychol. 2012 Nov 2;69(4):397–414. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21936

Table 4.

Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting Depressive Symptoms From Perceived Discrimination, Identity Confusion, and Ethnic Identity

Group β t pβ sr2
Immigrant Asian American (N = 285)
Step 1 R2 = .14, p < .001
 Discrimination .04 0.65 .51 .001
 Confusion .36 6.57 < .001 .13
 Ethnic identity −.07 −1.30 .20 .01
Step 2 ΔR2 = .001, p = .94
 Discrimination × confusion .001 0.17 .99 .000001
 Discrimination × ethnic identity .04 0.63 .53 .001
 Confusion × ethnic identity .01 0.23 .82 .0002
Step 3 ΔR2 = .001, p = .60
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity .03 0.52 .60 .001
Nonimmigrant Asian American (N = 549)
Step 1 R2 = .17, p < .001
 Discrimination .12 2.94 .003 .01
 Confusion .38 9.81 < .001 .15
 Ethnic identity −.01 −0.20 .84 .0001
Step 2 ΔR2 = .01, p = .07
 Discrimination × confusion −.08 −1.20 .05 .01
 Discrimination × ethnic identity .06 1.35 .18 .003
 Confusion × ethnic identity .05 1.31 .19 .003
Step 3 ΔR2 = .01, p = .02
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity −.11 −2.44 .02 .01
Immigrant Black/African American (N = 92)
Step 1 R2 = .32, p < .001
 Discrimination .33 3.56 .001 .10
 Confusion .47 5.31 < .001 .22
 Ethnic identity −.09 −0.97 .34 .01
Step 2 ΔR2 = .01, p = .69
 Discrimination × confusion −.09 −0.90 .37 .01
 Discrimination × ethnic identity .01 0.13 .90 .0001
 Confusion × ethnic identity −.05 −0.45 .65 .002
Step 3 ΔR2 = .003, p = .52
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity .08 0.65 .52 .003
Nonimmigrant Black/African American (N = 474)
Step 1 R2 = .25, p < .001
 Discrimination .10 2.38 .02 .01
 Confusion .50 12.39 < .001 .25
 Ethnic identity −.02 −0.54 .59 .001
Step 2 ΔR2 = .001, p = .87
 Discrimination × confusion .02 0.51 .61 .0004
 Discrimination × ethnic identity −.02 −0.41 .68 .0003
 Confusion × ethnic identity −.02 −0.57 .57 .001
Step 3 ΔR2 = .001, p = .34
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity −.04 −0.95 .34 .001
Immigrant Hispanic or Latino(a) (N = 239)
Step 1 R2 = .31, p < .001
 Discrimination .15 2.77 .01 .02
 Confusion .51 9.31 < .001 .25
 Ethnic identity .03 0.48 .63 .001
Step 2 ΔR2 = .01, p = .53
 Discrimination × confusion −.01 −1.40 .89 .0001
 Discrimination × ethnic identity .01 0.11 .92 .00004
 Confusion × ethnic identity .08 1.43 .15 .01
Step 3 ΔR2 = .01, p = .05
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity .11 1.95 .05 .01
Nonimmigrant Hispanic or Latino(a) (N = 835)
Step 1 R2 = .23, p < .001
 Discrimination .10 3.35 .001 .01
 Confusion .46 15.06 < .001 .21
 Ethnic identity −.02 −0.54 .59 .0003
Step 2 ΔR2 = .004, p = .21
 Discrimination × confusion −.01 −2.70 .79 .0001
 Discrimination × ethnic identity −.06 −2.00 .05 .004
 Confusion × ethnic identity −.01 −0.45 .65 .0002
Step 3 ΔR2 = .0001, p = .69
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity −.01 −0.40 .69 .0001
Immigrant White/European American (N = 182)
Step 1 R2 = 26, p < .001
 Discrimination .14 2.11 .04 .02
 Confusion .46 6.94 < .001 .20
 Ethnic identity .06 0.86 .39 .003
Step 2 ΔR2 = .01, p = .63
 Discrimination × confusion .01 .08 .94 .00003
 Discrimination × ethnic identity −.09 −1.32 .19 .01
 Confusion × ethnic identity .01 .14 .89 .0001
Step 3 ΔR2 = .01, p = .16
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity −.10 −1.41 .16 .01
Nonimmigrant White/European American (N = 4582)
Step 1 R2 = .26, p < .001
 Discrimination .14 11.07 < .001 .02
 Confusion .46 35.50 < .001 .20
 Ethnic identity −.01 −0.94 .35 .0001
Step 2 ΔR2 = .00008, p = .92
 Discrimination × confusion .01 .52 .60 .0001
 Discrimination × ethnic identity .01 .45 .65 .00004
 Confusion × ethnic identity −.0001 −0.01 .99 .00000001
Step 3 ΔR2 = .0001, p = .54
 Discrimination × confusion × ethnic identity .01 .61 .54 .0001

Note. Discrimination = perceived discrimination; Confusion = identity confusion.