TABLE 1.

Hypothesized relationships between perceived dominance and nonverbal behaviors.

Principles	Strategies	Hypothesized nonverbal signals of dominance
Physical potency	Threat	• More glare and stare
	Size or strength	• Louder voice • Deep-pitched voice • Clear articulation (higher voice quality) • Non-smiling face • Upright head and posture
	Expressivity	• More facial expression • More variation in pitch • More head/body movement • More rapid speaking tempo
Resource control	Command of space	• More open body position • More expansive posture
	Precedence	• Initiation of more turns at talk • Longer turns at talk
	Prerogative	• Choice of seating position
	Possession of valued commodities	• More turns-at-talk • Longer turns at talk
Interactional control	Centrality	• More looking while speaking, less looking while listening • Interruption of others’ speaking turns
	Elevation	• Standing or seating above others
	Initiation	• Initiating a conversation
	Non-reciprocation	• Non-matching of others’ behavior
	Task performance cues	• Self-nomination