Figure 1.

(A) Experiment procedure. A gender-neutral template face was superimposed with noises to create a set of gender-ambiguous faces, which were submitted to the VGG-Face and human observers for gender classification. (B) Exemplars of noises extracted from noisy faces classified as either female or male, respectively. The noises were then averaged to reconstruct images that contained the critical information for classifying the noisy faces as male or as female. (C) Classification images (CI) were the difference of the average noise of female by that of male. For visualization, values in each CI were normalized separately to the range from 0 to 1, denoted by colors. By adding or subtracting the rescaled CI to or from the gender-neutral template face, female or male prototype of human observers (Left), and the VGG-Face (Right) were created. Brain icon made by Smashicons from www.flaticon.com.