Table 4.
Randomized Controlled Trials with Negative Effect Sizes
| Study Authors, Year | Journal | Intervention Type | Name of Intervention | Comparison Group | Outcome Measure | Outcome Domain | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al., 2016 | JADD | NDBI | JASPER | BAU | Simple play (number of unique play acts) from the SPA | Play | −0.53 |
| Clionsky, 2012 | ProQuest Dissertations & Theses | Other | PCIT or CDIT | BAU | Dyadic Parent Child Interaction Coding System total child verbalizations | Language | −0.80 |
| Gulsrud et al., 2007 | Autism | NDBI | JA Intervention | Symbolic Play Intervention | Non-verbal gestures | Social-communication | −0.77 |
| Kasari et al., 2008 | JCCP | NDBI | JA Intervention | Symbolic Play Intervention | Mother initiated JA at 12 months | Social-communication | −0.73 |
| Murdock et al., 2014 | Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities | Sensory-based | Vestibular Stimulation via a Platform Swing | BAU | Number of intervals self-stimulating | RRBs | −0.75 |
| Rahman et al., 2016 | The Lancet | Developmental | PASS | BAU | Proportion of time in shared mutual attention | Social-communication | −0.64 |
| Smith et al., 2000 | American Journal of Mental Retardation | Behavioral | Intensive Early Intervention | Parent Training | CBCL Withdrawal Score Teacher | Social Emotional | −1.15 |
| Behavioral | Intensive Early Intervention | Parent Training | CBCL Aggression Teacher | Challenging Behavior | −0.49 | ||
| Srinivasan et al., 2015 | RASD | Technology based | Robot Intervention | Comparison Intervention | Percent duration of social verbalization to trainer across sessions | Social-communication | −1.09 |
| Srinivasan et al., 2015 | Autism Research & Treatment | Technology based | Robot Intervention | Comparison Intervention | Training-specific test of imitation praxis | Social-communication | −0.95 |
| Wong et al., 2010 | JADD | Other | Autism 123 | BAU | ADOS A1 Overall level of non-echoed language | Social-communication | −1.11 |
Note. ADOS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, BAU = business as usual, CARS = Childhood Autism Rating Scale, CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist, CDIT = Child-directed Interaction Therapy, CPEP-R = Chinese Psychoeducational Profile – Revised, DBC = Developmental Behavioral Checklist, EIBI = Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention, GMDS-ER = Griffiths Mental Development Scales – Extended Revised, HKBABS = Hong Kong Based Adaptive Behavior Scales, IQ = Intelligence Quotient, JA = Joint Attention, JADD = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, JASPER = Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, and Engagement Regulation, JCCP = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, NDBI = Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention, PASS = Parent-mediated intervention for autism spectrum disorder in South Asia, PCIT = Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, PEP-R = Psychoeducational Profile - Revised, PEAC = Parent Education and Counseling, PRT = Pivotal Response Treatment, RASD = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial, RDLS = Reynell Developmental Language Scales, RRBs = Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors, SARRB = Social Affect and Restricted Repetitive Behaviors, SPA = Structured Play Assessment, SRS = Social Responsiveness Scale, VABS = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.