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Schematic description of the study design. Generally, young adult or aged rats underwent either laparotomy or sham surgery. They subsequently received an i.p. injection of either saline or (−) or (+)morphine 2 mg/kg twice a day for seven days. Following this, either memory was assessed at two, four, or eight weeks post-surgery or hippocampi were collected for gene expression measurements. In one experiment, rats received an icm pre-operative treatment of either saline or IL-1RA.
