Table 2.

Subgroup analysis assessing the effect of nutritional status as a moderator of the impact of intermittent fasting on body composition.

Moderators	k	Point estimate	CI lower	CI upper	P	Heterogeneity
						Q-value	P	I2
Body Weight (kg)*
All studies
Normal weight	21	−0.325	−0.488	−0.162	<0.001	0.535	0.465	83.885
Overweight/Obesity	4	−0.469	−0.818	−0.120	0.008			88.869
Only Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	19	−0.175	−0.281	−0.069	0.001	2.497	0.114	59.739
Overweight/Obesity	4	−0.469	−0.818	−0.12	0.008			88.869
Body Weight (kg)**
All studies
Normal weight	6	−0.384	−0.683	−0.085	0.012	0.083	0.773	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	17	−0.446	−0.734	−0.157	0.002			79.950
Only non-Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	2	−0.477	−1.053	0.099	0.104	0.009	0.924	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	17	−0.446	−0.734	−0.157	0.002			79.950
BMI (kg/m2)*
Only Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	11	−0.118	−0.272	0.035	0.130	1.516	0.218	66.978
Overweight/Obesity	6	−0.336	−0.646	−0.025	0.034			86.499
BMI (kg/m2)**
All studies
Normal weight	4	−1.261	−2.275	−0.247	0.015	1.563	0.211	74.830
Overweight/Obesity	11	−0.574	−0.935	−0.214	0.002			79.285
Only non-Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	2	−2.061	−4.233	0.111	0.063	1.752	0.186	86.428
Overweight/Obesity	11	−0.574	−0.935	−0.214	0.002			79.285
Fat Mass (kg)*
All studies
Normal weight	11	−1.134	−1.605	−0.663	<0.001	1.696	0.193	94.131
Overweight/Obesity	2	−0.516	−1.318	0.287	0.208			95.255
Only Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	6	−0.334	−0.624	−0.045	0.024	0.173	0.678	80.912
Overweight/Obesity	2	−0.516	−1.318	0.287	0.208			95.255
Fat Mass (kg)**
All studies
Normal weight	4	−0.838	−1.807	0.130	0.090	0.826	0.364	79.531
Overweight/Obesity	18	−0.377	−0.604	−0.149	0.001			70.702
Only non-Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	3	−1.021	−2.286	0.245	0.114	0.964	0.326	85.085
Overweight/Obesity	18	−0.377	−0.604	−0.149	0.001			70.702
Fat Mass (%)*
All studies
Normal weight	12	−0.328	−0.511	−0.146	<0.001	0.001	0.973	71.809
Overweight/Obesity	3	−0.336	−0.716	0.045	0.084			89.480
Only Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	9	−0.138	−0.228	−0.048	0.003	0.982	0.322	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	3	−0.336	−0.716	0.045	0.084			89.480
Fat Mass (%)**
All studies
Normal weight	4	−0.508	−0.994	−0.022	0.040	0.633	0.426	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	6	−1.354	−3.379	0.672	0.190			96.642
Only non-Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	1	−0.253	−1.186	0.680	0.595	0.936	0.333	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	6	−1.354	−3.379	0.672	0.190			96.642
Fat Free Mass (kg)*
All studies
Normal weight	12	0.097	−0.022	0.216	0.109	4.142	0.042	28.246
Overweight/Obesity	3	−0.423	−0.91	0.064	0.088			93.218
Only Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	7	0.000	−0.116	0.116	0.999	2.745	0.098	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	3	−0.423	−0.91	0.064	0.088			93.218
Fat Free Mass (kg)**
All studies
Normal weight	5	0.038	−0.331	0.407	0.841	2.238	0.135	0.000
Overweight/Obesity	14	−0.767	−1.754	0.221	0.128			97.762
Only non-Ramadan IF studies
Normal weight	2	0.290	−0.214	0.795	0.259	3.491	0.062	3.942
Overweight/Obesity	14	−0.767	−1.754	0.221	0.128			97.762

^*Pre-post tests, IF intervention;

^**Pre-post tests, IF intervention vs. control; *BMI, Ramadan IF studies (k = 15); *Body Weight (kg), all studies (k = 25); **Body Weight (kg), all studies (k = 23); *Body Weight (kg), Ramadan IF studies (k = 23); **Body Weight (kg), non-Ramadan IF studies (k = 19); **BMI, all studies (k = 15); **BMI, non-Ramadan IF studies (k = 13); *Fat Mass (kg), all studies (k = 13); **Fat Mass (kg), all studies (k = 22); *Fat Mass (kg), Ramadan IF studies (k = 8); **Fat Mass (kg), non-Ramadan IF studies (k = 21); *Fat Mass (%), all studies (k = 15); **Fat Mass (%), all studies (k = 10); *Fat Mass (%), Ramadan IF studies (k = 12); **Fat Mass (%), non-Ramadan IF studies (k = 7); *Fat Free Mass, all studies (k = 15), **Fat Free Mass, all studies (k = 19); *Fat Free Mass, Ramadan IF studies (k = 10); **Fat Free Mass, non-Ramadan IF studies (k = 16).

CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; IF, intermittent fasting. The bold values are statistically significant values.