Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of all variables of interest
| Mother data | Father data | N items | Example item | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Range | α | M | SD | Range | α | |||
| Early internalizing problems | 5.01 | 4.69 | 0.00–28.00 | 0.82 | 4.28 | 4.39 | 0.00–23.00 | 0.82 | 32 | Too fearful or anxious |
| Early externalizing problems | 8.54 | 6.82 | 0.00–40.00 | 0.88 | 7.84 | 6.64 | 0.00–37.00 | 0.89 | 33 | Impulsive or acts without thinking |
| Psychological domain | ||||||||||
| Internalizing dimension | ||||||||||
| Anxious/depressed behavior | 9.07 | 6.89 | 0.00–34.94 | 0.90 | 9.05 | 6.95 | 0.00–34.94 | 0.91 | 18a | I feel lonely |
| Withdrawn behavior | 2.60 | 2.75 | 0.00–14.00 | 0.79 | 2.60 | 2.79 | 0.00–14.00 | 0.71 | 9 | I would rather be alone than with others |
| Somatic complaints | 3.03 | 2.96 | 0.00–18.00 | 0.72 | 2.93 | 2.89 | 0.00–18.00 | 0.80 | 12 | I feel dizzy or lightheaded |
| Externalizing dimension | ||||||||||
| Aggressive behavior | 4.90 | 3.75 | 0.00–21.00 | 0.80 | 4.90 | 3.76 | 0.00–21.00 | 0.80 | 15 | I get in many fights |
| Delinquency | 2.58 | 2.70 | 0.00–18.00 | 0.69 | 2.55 | 2.65 | 0.00–18.00 | 0.67 | 14 | I do things that may cause me trouble with the law |
| Intrusive behavior | 2.88 | 2.36 | 0.00–11.00 | 0.75 | 2.89 | 2.39 | 0.00–11.00 | 0.82 | 6 | I try to get a lot of attention |
| Other problems | ||||||||||
| Thought problems | 4.14 | 2.53 | 0.00–13.00 | 0.63 | 4.09 | 2.50 | 0.00–13.00 | 0.62 | 10 | I have thoughts that other people would think are strange |
| Attention problems | 8.06 | 4.98 | 0.00–25.00 | 0.83 | 8.04 | 5.00 | 0.00–25.00 | 0.83 | 15 | I am too forgetful |
| Personality pathology | ||||||||||
| Negative affect | 1.96 | 0.44 | 1.00–3.29 | 0.91 | 1.96 | 0.44 | 1.00–3.29 | 0.91 | 28 | I get emotional easily, often for very little reason |
| Detachment | 1.45 | 0.41 | 1.00–3.10 | 0.91 | 1.44 | 0.41 | 1.00–3.10 | 0.91 | 20 | I am not interested in making friends |
| Antagonism | 1.60 | 0.42 | 1.00–3.20 | 0.91 | 1.61 | 0.42 | 1.00–2.95 | 0.91 | 20 | I often have to deal with people who are less important than me |
| Disinhibition | 2.02 | 0.36 | 1.10–2.95 | 0.80 | 2.02 | 0.36 | 1.10–2.95 | 0.80 | 20 | People would describe me as reckless |
| Psychoticism | 1.43 | 0.42 | 1.00–2.75 | 0.86 | 1.42 | 0.41 | 1.00–2.75 | 0.85 | 12 | I often “zone out” and then suddenly come to and realize that a lot of time has passed |
| Social domain | ||||||||||
| Social problems | 3.82 | 2.76 | 0.00–14.00 | 0.67 | 3.81 | 2.77 | 0.00–14.00 | 0.67 | 11 | I do not get along with other people |
| Satisfaction friendships | 7.91 | 1.44 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 7.91 | 1.46 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 1 | How satisfied are you regarding your friendships in general? |
| Satisfaction romantic relations | 6.48 | 2.83 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 6.54 | 2.79 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 1 | How satisfied are you regarding your romantic life in general? |
| Work domain | ||||||||||
| Work satisfaction | 7.70 | 1.59 | 2.00–10.00 | – | 7.71 | 1.58 | 2.00–10.00 | – | 1 | How satisfied are you regarding your current work in general? |
| Physical domain | ||||||||||
| Satisfaction general health | 7.41 | 1.51 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 7.41 | 1.52 | 1.00–10.00 | – | 1 | How satisfied are you regarding your health in general? |
| Sleep problems | 2.24 | 0.60 | 1.00–4.29 | 0.78 | 2.24 | 0.59 | 1.00–4.29 | 0.78 | 7 | How many times do you usually wake up during a night’s sleep? |
| Self-concept domain | ||||||||||
| Exploration in breadth | 3.69 | 0.68 | 1.00–5.00 | 0.85 | 3.67 | 0.69 | 1.00–3.67 | 0.85 | 5 | I think a lot about how I see my future |
| Ruminative exploration | 2.76 | 0.89 | 1.00–5.00 | 0.87 | 2.75 | 0.90 | 1.00–2.75 | 0.88 | 5 | I worry about what I want to do with my future |
| Identification with commitment | 3.41 | 0.76 | 1.00–5.00 | 0.89 | 3.41 | 0.77 | 1.00–3.41 | 0.89 | 5 | Future plans give me self-confidence |
| Commitment making | 3.59 | 0.90 | 1.00–5.00 | 0.96 | 3.58 | 0.91 | 1.00–3.58 | 0.96 | 5 | I know what I want to achieve in my life |
| Exploration in depth | 3.56 | 0.68 | 1.00–5.00 | 0.83 | 3.54 | 0.69 | 1.00–3.54 | 0.83 | 5 | I talk regularly with other people about the plans for the future I have made |
| Separation from parents | 2.21 | 0.39 | 1.00–4.00 | 0.79 | 2.20 | 0.39 | 1.00–2.20 | 0.79 | 12 | I go to my parents for help before trying to solve a problem myself |
| Detachment from parents | 2.91 | 0.47 | 1.00–3.25 | 0.77 | 2.90 | 0.47 | 1.00–2.90 | 0.77 | 8 | I wish my parents would understand who I really am |
| Self-efficacy | 2.89 | 0.40 | 1.00–4.00 | 0.84 | 2.89 | 0.38 | 1.00–2.89 | 0.84 | 10 | Thanks to my resourcefulness, I can handle unforeseen situations |
aScores on item “I worry about my relations with the opposite sex” from the anxious/depressed behavior scale were missing