Figure 1.

The Kupffer cell epigenome. In the collaborative-hierarchal model of TF binding, closed chromatin is remodeled by lineage determining transcription factors, which bind to DNA collaboratively to create poised enhancers (A). Signal dependent transcription factors are then recruited to poised enhancers upon activation of cellular signaling pathways. Kupffer cell LDTFs include LXRα and SPIC. Circulating monocytes recruited to the liver following KC depletion rapidly assume a TF profile similar to resident KCs (B). TFs associated with lipid metabolism are particularly enriched during monocyte to Kupffer cell differentiation. Data for panel (B) were taken from Sakai et al. The blue-red expression heatmap in panel (B) shows expression (in TPM) normalized such that expression in blood monocytes is equal to 1 (7).