Table 1.

Three trends in COVID-19 civil-military involvements.

	Trend types	Key characteristics	Response examples*
1	Minimal technical military support	Civilian leadership-military niche tasks in transportation and supply chain, border control	Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Kerala, Sweden, New Zealand, South Korea
2	Blended civil-military response	Civilian leadership-military support in organisation and logistics; air repatriations, border controls, mobile testing, quarantine and lockdown enforcement, emergency field hospitals	Nigeria, Kenya, US, France, UK, China, Vietnam, South Africa, Singapore
3	Military-led response	Military leadership in response planning and coordination, emergency hospitals, contact-tracing, surveillance, border controls, quarantine and lockdown enforcement	Indonesia, Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, Brazil, Peru

Note: These settings have exhibited the above key characteristics in the first six months of the coronavirus pandemic.