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. 2021 Feb 8;11:3285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81836-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Manhattan plots showing genome-wide association with podoconiosis in Ethiopia. (A) dataset 1 comprising combined new samples from the Amhara, Oromo and Wolaita ethnic groups; (N = 1892, 943 cases and 949 controls); (B) dataset 2 from the Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups (N = 1511, 752 cases and 759 controls) and (C) dataset 3 comprising all available samples i.e. dataset 1 plus the samples from the previously-published podoconiosis GWAS undertaken in the Wolaita group (N = 2289,1137 cases and 1152 controls). For each plot, the x-axis indicates chromosomal position and the y-axis indicates the − log10 P value. Points between the blue and red lines shows suggestive association (P < 5.0 × 10⁻⁷) whereas points above the redline shows genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10⁻⁸) results. The R programme was used to generate the plots⁴⁸.