Table 1.
Sample characteristics by smoking status Health Retirement Study, 2012-20141
| Characteristics | Current smokers | Former smokers | Never smokers | χ2 | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 906 (16.9) | 3,005 (56.3) | 1,560 (26.8) | ||
| Sex | 78.662 | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 498 (16.0) | 1,530 (51.3) | 1,069 (32.7) | ||
| Male | 408 (17.9) | 1,475 (62.3) | 491 (19.8) | ||
| Age (yr) | 652.430 | <0.001 | |||
| 50-64 | 614 (27.6) | 1,180 (62.2) | 175 (10.2) | ||
| 65-69 | 108 (13.2) | 408 (48.8) | 315 (38.0) | ||
| 70-74 | 100 (9.5) | 479 (47.0) | 421 (43.5) | ||
| 75-79 | 54 (6.1) | 427 (52.1) | 349 (41.8) | ||
| ≥80 | 30 (3.1) | 511 (62.2) | 300 (34.7) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 29.224 | <0.001 | |||
| White | 512 (15.6) | 2,055 (56.0) | 1,214 (28.4) | ||
| African American | 266 (26.8) | 499 (53.5) | 179 (19.8) | ||
| Latino | 100 (17.7) | 363 (60.5) | 133 (21.8) | ||
| Other race | 28 (17.4) | 88 (61.0) | 34 (21.6) | ||
| Education | 85.459 | <0.001 | |||
| <High school | 245 (23.5) | 573 (54.0) | 263 (22.5) | ||
| High school | 315 (18.0) | 951 (52.7) | 566 (29.3) | ||
| Some college | 247 (20.6) | 739 (56.7) | 322 (22.7) | ||
| College | 93 (7.8) | 728 (61.7) | 409 (30.6) | ||
| Income | 158.700 | <0.001 | |||
| Poor | 226 (38.2) | 291 (44.2) | 113 (17.6) | ||
| Low | 224 (21.2) | 562 (51.5) | 322 (27.2) | ||
| Middle | 242 (14.4) | 924 (55.1) | 534 (30.4) | ||
| High | 214 (12.0) | 1,228 (61.6) | 591 (26.4) | ||
| Pain | 63.323 | <0.001 | |||
| None | 507 (14.7) | 1,929 (56.4) | 1,074 (28.9) | ||
| Mild | 88 (16.6) | 305 (58.4) | 155 (25.0) | ||
| Moderate | 218 (19.7) | 619 (57.0) | 275 (23.3) | ||
| Severe | 85 (34.1) | 140 (49.7) | 44 (16.2) | ||
| Cognition status | 17.184 | 0.009 | |||
| Excellent/very good | 248 (17.0) | 836 (59.4) | 370 (23.6) | ||
| Good | 354 (15.5) | 1,275 (56.5) | 695 (28.0) | ||
| Fair/poor | 295 (19.0) | 853 (52.8) | 469 (28.2) | ||
| Multimorbidity | 13.392 | 0.001 | |||
| ≥2 conditions | 465 (15.1) | 1,759 (56.2) | 949 (28.7) | ||
| 0 or 1 condition | 441 (18.9) | 1,246 (56.4) | 611 (24.7) | ||
| Depression | 80.804 | <0.001 | |||
| CIDI ≥3 | 314 (28.6) | 573 (49.7) | 256 (21.7) | ||
| CIDI <3 | 583 (14.0) | 2,393 (57.9) | 1,281 (28.0) | ||
| Physical activity | 46.466 | <0.001 | |||
| Moderate/vigorous activity | 400 (13.5) | 1,694 (58.5) | 912 (28.0) | ||
| No exercise | 506 (21.7) | 1,310 (53.1) | 647 (25.2) |
Values are presented as number (%).
CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
1
Based on 5,471 living Health Retirement Study participants from 2012-2014 with no missing data on smoking, race, or hand grip strength.
2
The statistical significance of group differences in smoking status were evaluated with the Rao-Scott chi-square test.