Table 3.

Regression coefficients and SE of smoking status from ordinary least squares regressions on hand grip strength Health Retirement Study, 2012-2014¹

Variables	Maximum grip strength			p-value2	Dominant hand grip strength			p-value2
	Beta	SE	t-value		Beta	SE	t-value
Adjusted for sex, age, and race/ethnicity
Intercept	17.081	0.309	55.35	<0.001	15.217	0.329	46.23	<0.001
Tobacco use
Current smoker	-0.735	0.354	-2.08	0.043	-0.846	0.377	-2.24	0.029
Former smoker	-0.447	0.263	-1.70	0.095	-0.391	0.271	-1.44	0.154
Never smoker (Ref)
Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and income
Intercept	18.475	0.441	41.93	<0.001	16.419	0.444	37.01	<0.001
Tobacco use
Current smoker	-0.223	0.376	-0.59	0.556	-0.371	0.391	-0.95	0.347
Former smoker	-0.466	0.255	-1.82	0.074	-0.404	0.261	-1.55	0.128
Never smoker (Ref)
Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, pain, multimorbidity, depression, cognition, and physical activity
Intercept	19.892	0.482	41.25	<0.001	17.798	0.482	36.90	<0.001
Tobacco use
Current smoker	0.185	0.367	0.50	0.616	0.015	0.399	0.04	0.970
Former smoker	-0.358	0.255	-1.40	0.166	-0.278	0.256	-1.09	0.282
Never smoker (Ref)

SE, standard error; Ref, reference group.

¹Based on 5,471 living Health Retirement Study participants from 2012-2014 with no missing data on smoking, race, or hand grip strength.

²The statistical significance of group differences in hand grip strength were evaluated with the t-test via multivariable ordinary least squares regression.