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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 9.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Physiol. 2018 Oct 24;81:189–209. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114504

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Wound-associated cells and soluble mediators in a microenvironment during different phases of gastrointestinal mucosal wound repair. After injury, the gastrointestinal mucosa goes through a dynamic process that involves immune cell recruitment and proliferation of epithelial and stromal cells. The inflammatory phase (a) of wound healing requires the recruitment of neutrophils and proinflammatory mediators, whereas the repair phase (b) involves the removal of dead cells and the presence of factors that stimulate proliferating and prosurvival signaling pathways. Abbreviations: FAK, focal adhesion kinase; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; IL-10, interleukin-10; LTB4, leukotriene B4; Mar, maresin; PD1, protectin D1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; WAE, wound-associated epithelia; WISP-1, Wnt-induced secreted protein 1.