Table 3.
Characteristics of 1220 dietary surveys in the GDD 2017, by world region*
| World | Asia | Former Soviet Union | High-income countries | Latin America/ Caribbean |
Middle East/North Africa | South Asia | Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| Surveys included, n | 1220 | 180 | 158 | 386 | 135 | 95 | 56 | 210 |
| No of countries with surveys (% of world population in 2015) | 188 (99.0) | 30 (30.6) | 28 (5.5) | 25 (10.9) | 34 (8.3) | 20 (6.9) | 7 (23.3) | 44 (13.3) |
| Ages included† | ||||||||
| Children (0–19 years) | 902 (73.9) | 108 (60.0) | 142 (89.9) | 254 (65.8) | 109 (80.7) | 74 (77.9) | 45 (80.4) | 170 (81.0) |
| Adults (20+ years) | 787 (64.5) | 143 (79.4) | 94 (59.5) | 254 (65.8) | 64 (47.4) | 56 (58.9) | 38 (67.9) | 138 (65.7) |
| Representativeness | ||||||||
| National | 880 (72.1) | 108 (60.0) | 149 (94.3) | 263 (68.1) | 100 (74.1) | 70 (73.7) | 28 (46.4) | 162 (77.1) |
| Subnational | 207 (17.0) | 39 (21.7) | 7 (4.4) | 94 (24.4) | 17 (12.6) | 13 (13.7) | 10 (17.9) | 27 (12.9) |
| Community | 133 (10.9) | 33 (18.3) | 2 (1.3) | 29 (7.5) | 18 (13.3) | 12 (12.6) | 18 (32.1) | 21 (10.0) |
| Median (5th, 95th percentile) number of GDD dietary food groups per survey‡ | 6.0 (1.0, 30.0) | 5.5 (1.0, 31.4) | 6.0 (2.0, 17.0) | 6.0 (1.0, 31.9) | 5.0 (2.0, 36.9) | 3.0 (1.0, 47.0) | 10.0 (2.0, 26.7) | 7.0 (2.0, 14.0) |
| Dietary assessment method | ||||||||
| Single or multiple diet recalls/records | ||||||||
| No surveys | 286 (23.4) | 69 (38.3) | 25 (15.8) | 125 (32.4) | 18 (13.3) | 18 (18.9) | 16 (28.6) | 15 (7.1) |
| No countries, % regional population represented | 68 (78.0) | 12 (95.9) | 8 (19.1) | 21 (98.7) | 7 (59.9) | 7 (42.5) | 4 (89.9) | 15 (39.9) |
| Food Frequency Questionnaire | ||||||||
| No surveys, % | 503 (41.2) | 71 (39.4) | 86 (54.4) | 132 (34.2) | 65 (48.1) | 61 (64.2) | 24 (42.9) | 64 (30.5) |
| No countries, % regional population represented | 164 (94.3) | 28 (98.9) | 23 (87.0) | 22 (96.2) | 32 (97.6) | 19 (99.7) | 7 (100.0) | 33 (70.2) |
| DHS questionnaire | ||||||||
| No surveys, % | 193 (15.8) | 14 (7.8) | 10 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 40 (29.6) | 14 (14.7) | 14 (25.0) | 101 (48.1) |
| No countries, % regional population represented | 70 (53.9) | 5 (21.0) | 8 (30.3) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (79.7) | 4 (41.4) | 5 (98.7) | 37 (95.8) |
| Biomarker | ||||||||
| No surveys, % | 160 (13.1) | 26 (14.4) | 7 (4.4) | 82 (21.2) | 11 (8.1) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (3.6) | 30 (14.3) |
| No countries, % regional population represented | 60 (70.7) | 7 (85.8) | 6 (50.2) | 18 (95.4) | 9 (39.2) | 2 (31.2) | 1 (76.5) | 17 (54.3) |
| Household budget survey | ||||||||
| No surveys, % | 78 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (19.0) | 47 (12.2) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| No countries, % regional population represented | 27 (15.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (52.9) | 17 (84.5) | 1 (33.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Data type | ||||||||
| Individual-level microdata | 715 (58.6) | 74 (41.1) | 99 (62.6) | 146 (37.8) | 114 (84.4) | 73 (76.8) | 45 (80.4) | 164 (78.1) |
| Aggregated stratum-level distributions | 505 (41.4) | 106 (58.9) | 59 (37.3) | 240 (62.2) | 21 (15.6) | 22 (23.2) | 11 (19.6) | 46 (21.9) |
| Data source | ||||||||
| Contributed by data owner | 356 (29.4) | 90 (50.0) | 38 (24.1) | 85 (22.0) | 42 (31.1) | 41 (43.2) | 27 (48.2) | 33 (15.7) |
| Retrieved from public source | 864 (70.6) | 90 (50.0) | 120 (75.9) | 301 (78.0) | 93 (68.9) | 54 (56.8) | 29 (51.8) | 177 (84.3) |
Data are survey counts (%).
*Countries in each world region are: Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Macau, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, Viet Nam. Former Soviet Union: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. High-income countries: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA. Latin America/Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela. Middle East/North Africa: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Réunion, Sri Lanka. Sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
†Because data on children were not collected in GDD 2010 (41.7% of total surveys), these percentages may underestimate available data in these surveys. Values are shown for surveys including data on that age group and may sum to greater than 100% because a survey can include both children and adults.
‡Based on the food groups collected in the GDD 2010 (up to 21, 41.7% of surveys)) and GDD 2017 (up to 54, 58.3% of surveys)), not including biomarker surveys.
DHS, Demographic Health Survey; GDD, Global Dietary Database.