Table 1.
Participants characteristics a.
| All participants (N = 20) | Standard Education (n=10) | Instructional Therapeutic Play (n = 10) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | .43 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 3.6 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 2.2 | 3.8 ± 2.5 | .70 |
| Female sex, % | 60 | 60 | 60 | 1 |
| Race/ethnicity: white, % | 40 | 40 | 40 | 1 |
| Family structure: two-parent, % | 60 | 40 | 80 | .09 |
| Household income ≥ US$600/month | 35 | 10 | 60 | .02 |
| Parental education: high school level or higher, % | 75 | 70 | 80 | .76 |
| BMI z-scores, SDS | −0.1 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | −0.4 ± 1.6 | .11 |
| HbA1c | ||||
| mmol/mol | 76 ± 23 | 78 ± 29 | 73 ± 13 | .60 |
| % | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 9.3 ± 2.6 | 8.8 ± 1.2* | |
| BG monitoring, times/day | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | .47 |
| Daily insulin dose, units/kg | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | .05 |
| Insulin injection device, % | ||||
| Syringe + vial | 35 | 50 | 20 | .16 |
| Pen | 65 | 50 | 80 | |
| Child performs insulin self-injection sometimes: yes, % | 80 | 80 | 80 | 1 |
| Age of first self-injection, years | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 1 |
| Adult supervision of child self-injection: always, % | 70 | 90 | 50 | .07 |
| Who taught the child how to self-inject, % | ||||
| Child never learned | 20 | 20 | 20 | .48 |
| Parent or a relative | 65 | 70 | 60 | |
| Nurse | 15 | 10 | 20 | |
Abbreviations: BG, blood glucose.
a
All values are expressed as Mean ± SD or %.
*
Missing value (n=9).