Fig. 3.

Key significant indirect pathways linking parental acculturative stressors and adolescent outcomes. Note: Solid lines represent paths involved in indirect pathways for both mother–adolescent and father–adolescent dyads. Dashed lines (a1, a3, and a4 paths) represent paths involved in indirect pathways for mother–adolescent dyads only. An apparent difference between mother–adolescent dyads and father–adolescent dyads was that indirect pathways for mother–adolescent (but not father–adolescent) dyads involved interparental conflicts