Table 1.

Summary of interventions to increase regular physical activity for weight management

No.	Author/Year/Location	Clinical trial design/randomization strategy	Participants	Intervention description	Percentage of response and duration of intervention and follow-up, theory and model used	Measurement of consequences	Results	Study quality
1	Simon 2008 France	Random cluster trial	C: N = 479; I: N = 475 Range 9. 9–13.8 years BMI: I = 21.32 (20.90; 21.75) kg/m2 C= 21.68 (21.45; 21.91) kg/m2 Target group=Student (six-graders)	In addition to the standard school curriculum, the intervention program includes - Three 50-min classes during the week - Holding sports and cycling competitions at school and encouraging and supporting parents and educators in improving the level of physical activity of adolescents through regular sessions.	Results were obtained from 848 students at the end of the second academic year. 778 in 3 years and 732 in 4 years The model was not used	The primary consequence is change in body mass index and the secondary consequence is the promotion of physical activity	Change in BMI and the level of physical activity	Strong
2	Hagstr¨omer 2009 Sweden	Randomization	N = 31 Exercisegroup (n = 16) Controlgroup∗ (n = 15) (Range 10–18 years) BMI: I = 31.9 (5.4); C = 33.4 (4.0) Target group = obese adolescent	Training sessions included: A variety of group activities over 13 weeks (1 h per week) conducted by management and coaching physiotherapist (one brisk walking session, 6 to 9 strength training sessions, and 10 to 13 swimming sessions).	The results were assessed in 16 adolescents in the intervention group and 15 adolescents in the control group The model was not used	The primary consequence is a change in body mass index and the secondary consequence is the promotion of physical activity	Increased physical activity p < 0.05	Weak
3	Ansari 2010 Egypt	Intervention in the target group of male and female students	N = 160 I: N = 80 ((35 boys, 45 girls) C: N = 80 ((35 boys, 45 girls) Mange age+15. 7 years BMI: I = 20.9 (4.1); C = 21.2 (3.6) Target group = adolescent school pupils	Students were offered two face-to-face sessions per week, each lasting about 30 min. There was one PE hour per week, which was much less than the international order for PA for teens, and attending these physical education classes were not mandatory, meaning students could not attend.	Data were collected at two time periods before and three months after the intervention. The model was not used	Primary outcome: increased physical activity secondary outcome change in the anthropometric index.	The results of a separate study of male and female students in which the weight decreased by 12.5% after three months in the intervention group and increased by 37.3% in the control group.	Strong
4	Lison 2010 Spanish	Three-arm interventions: two intervention groups and one control group	2 intervention groups I1: hospital, clinic group-based (GRX) N = 45 I2: home-based (HOX) N = 41 C: N = 24 BMI: HOX I = 29.7 3.7 GRX I = 28.5 3.8 C= 29.2 3.9 Target group = Overweight and obese children and adolescents,	The training was given to participants in the HOX group by a physical education instructor at the hospital. The program consisted of 5 sessions per week for 6 months (120 sessions) and the duration of each session was about 60 min. 5 min for warm-up and cooling (traction), 35 min of moderate aerobic activity, and 20 min of resistance training (low training exercises and high repetition).	The measurement was performed in two time periods before and 6 months after the intervention. The model was not used	Primary outcome: increase physical activity intervention and weight loss, and a change in body mass index in both groups	A significant decrease in body fat percentage and body mass index was observed in both intervention groups (4, 0.16), hospital-based group and; (4.4%, 0.23), located at home, p < .001	Weak
5	Maloney 2012 Massachusetts	Randomized controlled trial	Treatment group (n = 33) Comparison group (n = 31) Ages of 9 and 17 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 85–94% (overweight category). Range age = 9 and 17 years BMI (percentage): I = 96.57 (3.69) C = 96.64 (2.69) Target group = overweight and obese children and adolescents	Participants in the therapy group received a DDR X dance package. Each disc contained more than 100 songs of different styles. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group, followed by DDR software and dance packs for home use.	The measurement was performed two periods before and 12 weeks after the intervention. The model was not used	Preliminary results of the activity increase using accelerometer were evaluated	There was no significant change between pre- and post-intervention weight gain. 840. =p	Weak
6	II 2014 China	Nonrandom, controlled trial	N = 921 I: N = 388; C: N = 533 Aged 7 to 15 years BM I = 19.59 kg/m2 BMI: I = 19.12 (4.28) BMI: C = 19.93 (4.47) Target group = students (489 boys and 432 girls)	During 12 weeks, the intervention group participated in a multi-component physical activity intervention that included:-Education of physical activity-Programming for overweight/obese students, PA at home-Lecture for students and parents	The change in the studied variables (change in the level of physical activity and weight) occurred in two time periods before the intervention and 3 months after the intervention Models used: Ecological Social-ecological model	Changing the level of physical activity and BMI, HDL, LDL	The change in BMI in the intervention group (0.02–0.02 kg/m2) and change (MVPA) was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001).	Strong
7	Simon 2014 France	Cluster-randomized controlled trial	N = 732 I: N = 275; C: N = 256 BMI= I = 18.6 (3.3) C = 18.8 (3.5) Target group= Students Adolescents	The standard the curriculum includes three sessions of 50 minutes of physical training per week plus intervention based on the dynamic interaction between PA factors and targeting individuals, family and their peers, and their living environment to promote the adoption of an active lifestyle at home.	Following a 30-month follow-up, body mass index, fat mass index, recreational PA (active movement at home/school/work, TV viewing time), attitude toward PA in adolescents were measured. The model was not used	Changes in indicators studied (BMI and fat)	The change was more than 1 week on TVT during the study with a change in additional BMI and FMI of more than 0.7 kg/m2. The introduction of TVT changes in the models reduced the effect of the intervention on additional BMI and FMI by 34.8% and 27.4%, respectively.	Medium
8	Galena 2014 France	Randomized-controlled study	N = 54 (28 in the SWLP group, 26 in the SWLP + MI group Ages of 11 and 18 years BM I = 29.57 kg/m2 SWLP + M I = 29. 56 ± 4.75 SWLP= 29. 59 ± 5.92 Target group= obese adolescents	Phase 1, making participant’s acquaintance and building awareness Phase 2, Alternatives and problem solving Phase 3, Goal setting and agenda-setting Phase 4, Behavior modification consequences and perspectives Behavior change feedback	Allocated to SWLP group (n = 34) Analyzed (n = 28) During 6 months Allocated to SWLP + MI (n = 28) Analyzed (n = 26)	Change in BMI Change in PA Change in motivational regulations Change in perceived competence	No differential change over time was found for the SWLP + MI group as compared to the SWLP group, suggesting a similar increase for both groups on this variable (p = . 34).	Strong
9	Direito 2015 New Zealand	3-arm parallel RCT	N = 51 (I: N = 16; C: N = 18) Range age = 14–17 BM I = 22.9 (SD 4.3) kg/m2 Zombies, Run = 23.17 (3.60) Get running = 21.85 (3.14) C = 23.43 (5.56) Target group=adolescents	Use commercially available applications. An 8-week training program	Measured in two stages before and 2 months later The model was not used	Primary outcome: cardiac and respiratory preparedness secondary outcomes: PA levels (acceleration and self-reporting), pleasure, psychological satisfaction, self-efficacy and acceptance, and program usability.	There was no intervention effect in the initial result using any of the programs. Compared to control, the fitness test time is − 28.4 seconds shorter and for the all-round program group and − 24.7 s for the unconventional program group.	Weak
10	Ruotsalainen 2015 Finland	Three-arm randomized controlled trial	(Fb + Act, 푛 = 15) (Feb, 푛 = 16) Control group (푛 = 15). BM I = 28.1 (SD 5.7) Fb + Act = 29.7 (8.1) Fb = 27.5 (4.2) C = 27.0 (3.8) Target group = obese adolescents	12 weeks of Facebook consultation and self-assessment of physical activity	Assess the level of physical activity before and 3 months after the intervention The model was not used	Physical activity and weight control	No intervention effect was observed in terms of changes in physical activity level or BMI from the beginning to 12 weeks after the intervention among the intervention and control group.	Medium
11	Chen 2016 Taiwan	Randomized controlled trial	N = 50 I: N = 25; C: N = 25 Age range of 12–15 years BMI= I = 27.90 2.71 C = 29.98 3.97 Target group= Obese young adolescents	The physical activity program included a variety of moderate-intensity exercises four times a week for 40 min (5 min to warm up and cool down, 30 minutes for the main workout) for 3 months. Each participant received a physical activity booklet with three sections: a warm-up, instruction manual, an exercise description, and a daily exercise newspaper.	The measurement was performed in three stages before the intervention, one week later and 3 months after the intervention The model was not used	Physical activity Body mass index and cardiovascular function	The physical activity program improved participants' fitness and obesity status.	Medium
12	HAM 2016 Butter	Experimental study	N = 75 I: N = 48; C: N = 27 Range age = 8–13. BMI= I = 24.35 (2.73) C = 24.22 (2.24) Target group = overweight/obese children	The TTM-based sports counseling intervention group consisted of 8 sessions over a 3-month period (4 consecutive weeks for the first month and 2 weeks for the next week). Each individual counseling session lasted 30 min.	TTM model for measuring in 2 time periods before the intervention and 6 months after the intervention was used.	Changes in physical activity were based on model structures (behavioral change, self-efficacy), blood sugar, and BMI.	Self-efficacy increased significantly in the experimental group. According to the change steps, 36.2% of the experimental group performed at least one stage of their exercise behavior compared to 17.4% of the control group.	Strong
13	Hollis 2016 Australia	School-based Randomized controlled trial	N = 1150 I; N = 425; C: N = 560 (Mean age =12 years) BMI= I = 19.90 (3.59) C = 20.19 (3.81) Target group = children and adolescents	The school intervention involves seven strategies for physical activity that include the following: Curriculum (strategy to maximize physical activity in physical education training, student physical activity programs, an improved school exercise program). 2. School environment (physical activity during school breaks, school policy change).	The measurements were made in the three-time periods. Before, 12 months, and 24 months after the intervention SDT and socio-ecological theory was used.	Changing physical activity Changing BMI	After the weight loss intervention and BMI, the students who were in the intervention group did not recover despite the increase in their physical activity.	Medium
14	Bagherniya 2018 Iran	Randomized controlled trial	N = 172 I: N = 87; C: N = 85 BMI= 29.47 (4.05) kg/m2 I = 29.2 (3.9 C = 27.2 (2.9) Target group = overweight and obese girl students	The activities of this trial included: sports, workshops, private counseling sessions in the field of physical activities, practical and competitive sports sessions, family sports sessions, text messages, and newspapers.	Measurements were performed in the time periods before, the first follow-up 3 to 5 months later, and the second follow-up 7 months after the intervention. SDT model was used	Changes in physical activity and BMI and model structures	PA and most of the psychological variables (self-efficacy, social support, and intention) increased significantly, the hours of watching television and computer games decreased significantly (p < 0.001).	Strong