Table 2.
Traits affected by food restriction (FR) or protein restriction (PR) throughout gestation in rats
| Study | Na | Manipulation | Traits affected in males | Traits affected in females | Traits affected in both sexes | Analysed sexes separately or tested interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wistar rats | ||||||
| Howie 2012 [43] | 6 | FR (50%) | Insulin:leptin ratio; blood lipids; hepatic; spleen | Hepatic | Birthweight; body weight; fat; bone; leptin; blood lipids | Sexes separately |
| Ozaki 2001 [44] | 10–11 | FR (70%) | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
| Peiris 2010 [45] | ? | FR (30%) | Insulin | Fat | Body weight | Interaction |
| Sánchez-Garrido 2013 [46] | ? | FR (70%) | Body weight; insulind | Body weight; insulind | Birthweight; FSH | Sexes separately |
| Alwasel 2009 [20] | ? | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | None | Cardiovascular; renal | Interaction |
| Bellinger 2006b [22] | 8–11 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Body weight; fat | Fat; behavioural | None | Interaction |
| Cooke 2014c [24] | 6 | PR (8% vs 20%) | Renal | Renal | Foetal weight; renal | Sexes separately |
| Elmes 2007 [26] | 8 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovascular | None | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
| Elmes 2009 [27] | 6 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovasculare | Cardiovasculare | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
| Kwong 2006b [28] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | None | None | Not clear |
| Kwong 2007b [29] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Hepatic | None | None | Sexes separately |
| Langley-Evans 1997 [30] | 3 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Lung; renal; brain | None | Body weight; cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
| Langley-Evans 2005 [31] | 7 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Hepatic | None | None | Interaction |
| Langley-Evans 2006 [32] | 5–8 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Placental weight; hepatic | Placental weight | Interaction |
| Mallinson 2007b [33] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Muscular | None | None | Interaction |
| McMullen 2005 [34] | 6 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Cardiovascular; renal | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
| McMullen 2005 [35] | 10–11 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Renal | Renal | Interaction |
| Theys 2009 [38] | 7 | PR (8% vs 20%) | Blood lipids; pancreatic | Pancreatic; hepatic | Birthweight; pancreatic | Interaction |
| Torrens 2009 [39] | 6–7 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovascular; blood inflammatory markers | None | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
| Vega 2016 [40] | 6 | PR (10% vs 20%) | Placental; foetal hepatice; blood lipids; hepatic | Placental; foetal hepatice; fat; hepatic | Foetal weight; foetal:placental ratio; placental; foetal hepatic; hepatic; leptin; corticosterone; insulin | Sexes separately |
| Ye 2018 [41] | 7–10 | PR (10% vs 20%) | None | Brain; behavioural | None | Interaction |
| Zambrano 2006 [42] | 4–6 | PR (10% vs 20%) | Leptin; glucose; blood lipids | Birthweight; fat | Insulin | Sexes separately |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | ||||||
| Gao 2012d [51] | 10 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Placental | Placental | Foetal weight; placental weight; placental | Interaction |
| Gao 2012d [52] | 10 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Placental | Placental | Foetal weight; placental | Interaction |
| Sathishkumar 2012 [53] | 8–9 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
| Woods 2004b [54] | 6–9 | PR (5% vs 19%) | Body weight; renal | None | Body weight; cardiovascular; renal | Sexes separately and interaction |
| Woods 2005 [55] | 13–16 | PR (9% vs 19%) | Renal | None | Birthweight | Sexes separately |
aSample size is provided as the number of dams per group (? = not stated)
bStudy also manipulated diet during various periods of gestation. This table includes only results of manipulation throughout gestation
cStudy also includes a group where manipulation continued through lactation. This table includes only results from dams collected during gestation
dStudy collected at day 14 and 18 of gestation
eManipulation had opposite effect in males and females for some traits