Table 2.
Patient characteristics after propensity score matching, number (percentage) for categorical variable and mean (SD) for continuous variable
| Pre-FDA approval | FDA approval | FDA warning | |||||||
| HCQ (n=192) | No HCQ (n=384) | SMD | HCQ (n=1406) | No HCQ (n=1406) | SMD | HCQ (n=176) | No HCQ (n=352) | SMD | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age at admission, mean (SD) | 61.1 (15.8) | 62.8 (17.2) | 0.101 | 67.8 (15.8) | 67.3 (17.6) | 0.03 | 66.2 (16.2) | 66.3 (17.6) | 0.007 |
| Male | 109 (56.8) | 218 (56.8) | <0.001 | 740 (52.6) | 765 (54.4) | 0.036 | 92 (52.3) | 194 (55.1) | 0.057 |
| Race | 0.134 | 0.013 | 0.05 | ||||||
| White | 91 (47.4) | 180 (46.9) | 610 (43.4) | 612 (43.5) | 65 (36.9) | 136 (38.6) | |||
| Black | 35 (18.2) | 86 (22.4) | 306 (21.8) | 302 (21.5) | 37 (21.0) | 69 (19.6) | |||
| Asian | 17 (8.9) | 37 (9.6) | 143 (10.2) | 143 (10.2) | 12 (6.8) | 25 (7.1) | |||
| Other/Multiracial | 44 (22.9) | 72 (18.8) | 297 (21.1) | 296 (21.1) | 53 (30.1) | 106 (30.1) | |||
| Unknown | 5 (2.6) | 9 (2.3) | 50 (3.6) | 53 (3.8) | 9 (5.1) | 16 (4.5) | |||
| Health insurance | 0.257 | 0.039 | 0.036 | ||||||
| Commercial | 91 (47.4) | 134 (34.9) | 306 (21.8) | 321 (22.8) | 44 (25.0) | 92 (26.1) | |||
| Medicaid | 30 (15.6) | 72 (18.8) | 246 (17.5) | 249 (17.7) | 31 17.6) | 62 (17.6) | |||
| Medicare | 71 (37.0) | 178 (46.4) | 819 (58.3) | 805 (57.3) | 92 (52.3) | 182 (51.7) | |||
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (1.9) | 22 (1.6) | 6 (3.4) | 11 (3.1) | |||
| No insurance | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.6) | 9 (0.6) | 3 (1.7) | 5 (1.4) | |||
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Cancer | 10 (5.2) | 25 (6.5) | 0.055 | 134 (9.5) | 151 (10.7) | 0.04 | 16 (9.1) | 30 (8.5) | 0.02 |
| Coronary artery disease | 23 (12.0) | 56 (14.6) | 0.077 | 218 (15.5) | 222 (15.8) | 0.008 | 27 (15.3) | 53 (15.1) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension | 109 (56.8) | 237 (61.7) | 0.101 | 915 (65.1) | 884 (62.9) | 0.046 | 107 (60.8) | 205 (58.2) | 0.052 |
| Peripheral artery/vascular disease | 7 (3.6) | 13 (3.4) | 0.014 | 48 (3.4) | 42 (3.0) | 0.024 | 6 (3.4) | 6 (1.7) | 0.108 |
| Asthma | 24 (12.5) | 35 (9.1) | 0.109 | 88 (6.3) | 100 (7.1) | 0.034 | 17 (9.7) | 32 (9.1) | 0.019 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 9 (4.7) | 23 (6.0) | 0.058 | 83 (5.9) | 87 (6.2) | 0.012 | 14 (8.0) | 29 (8.2) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 70 (36.5) | 138 (35.9) | 0.011 | 515 (36.6) | 508 (36.1) | 0.01 | 68 (38.6) | 131 (37.2) | 0.029 |
| Chronic liver disease | 7 (3.6) | 15 (3.9) | 0.014 | 47 (3.3) | 56 (4.0) | 0.034 | 7 (4.0) | 19 (5.4) | 0.067 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 (5.7) | 25 (6.5) | 0.033 | 84 (6.0) | 80 (5.7) | 0.012 | 8 (4.5) | 17 (4.8) | 0.013 |
| End-stage renal disease | 12 (6.2) | 27 (7.0) | 0.031 | 99 (7.0) | 101 (7.2) | 0.006 | 4 (2.3) | 8 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean SD | 4.23 (3.19) | 4.73 (3.32) | 0.152 | 5.72 (3.75) | 5.69 (3.73) | 0.008 | 5.03 (3.23) | 5.01 (3.42) | 0.005 |
| Obesity | 0.198 | 0.022 | 0.027 | ||||||
| Obese | 76 (39.6) | 116 (30.2) | 289 (20.6) | 292 (20.8) | 50 (28.4) | 98 (27.8) | |||
| Not obese | 69 (35.9) | 160 (41.7) | 678 (48.2) | 663 (47.2) | 84 (47.7) | 166 (47.2) | |||
| Missing BMI | 47 (24.5) | 108 (28.1) | 439 (31.2) | 451 (32.1) | 42 (23.9) | 88 (25.0) | |||
| Clinical outcomes | |||||||||
| Length of stay, mean (SD) | 10.88 (11.20) | 10.48 (11.79) | 0.035 | 9.29 (8.66) | 7.75 (7.82) | 0.187 | 8.67 (7.55) | 8.28 (7.40) | 0.053 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 33 (17.2) | 29 (7.6) | 0.296 | 168 (11.9) | 85 (6.0) | 0.207 | 26 (14.8) | 25 (7.1) | 0.248 |
| Inpatient mortality | 31 (16.1) | 55 (14.3) | 0.272 | 318 (22.6) | 294 (20.9) | 0.086 | 32 (18.2) | 46 (13.1) | 0.079 |
| Composite outcome | 49 (25.5) | 66 (17.2) | 0.204 | 359 (25.5) | 318 (22.6) | 0.068 | 37 (21.0) | 53 (15.1) | 0.156 |
BMI, body mass index; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; SD, Standard deviation; SMD, Standardized mean difference.