a, Exome-wide gene-based tests for 15,871 genes. b, Genome-wide tests for 286,000 chunks. Each gene or chunk contains 50 variants on average. Benchmarking was performed on randomly sub-sampled UK Biobank data with 402,163 white British participants tested for glaucoma (PheCode: 365, 4,462 cases and 397,701 controls). The case-control ratio remained the same in subsampled data sets. The reported run time was median of five runs with samples randomly selected from the full sample set using different sampling seeds. As the number of tested markers varies by sample sizes, the computation time was projected for 50 markers per gene for plotting. Numerical data are provided in Supplementary Table 2.