Table 2.
The associations between total scale scores and clinical manifestations of TSC (including TANDs)
| Predictor | n (%) | Mean parent proxy‐report total scale score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a β1 (95% CI) | P‐value | Model 1b β2 (95% CI) | P‐value | ||
| Gene | |||||
| NMI | 14 (11.3) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| TSC1 | 34 (27.4) | −8.05 (−20.30, 4.20) | .200 | −7.79 (−20.87, 5.30) | .241 |
| TSC2 | 76 (61.3) | −11.55 (−22.77, −0.32) | .040* | −12.91 (−24.79, −1.03) | .033* |
| Epilepsy | |||||
| No | 19 (15.3) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 105 (84.7) | −12.86 (−22.33, −3.38) | .008* | −13.04 (−23.10, −2.99) | .011* |
| Seizure before 2 y old | |||||
| No | 38 (36.2) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 67 (63.8) | −13.28 (−21.14, −5.42) | .001* | −14.00 (−22.33, −5.68) | .001* |
| Course of epilepsy (≥2 y) | |||||
| No | 38 (36.2) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 67 (63.8) | −13.77 (−21.49, −6.05) | .001* | −13.79 (−22.02, −5.56) | .001* |
| Multiple antiepileptic drugs (≥2) | |||||
| No | 60 (49.6) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 61 (50.4) | −12.09 (−18.94, −5.24) | .001* | −11.81 (−19.10, −4.52) | .002* |
| HRSF | |||||
| No | 65 (61.9) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 40 (38.1) | −11.05 (−18.85, −3.26) | .006* | −11.33 (−19.42, −3.23) | .007* |
| IQ | |||||
| Normal | 43 (34.7) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Mild and moderate ID | 42 (33.9) | −14.93 (−21.06, −8.81) | <.0001* | −16.40 (−22.76, −10.05) | <.0001* |
| Severe and profound ID | 39 (31.5) | −33.51 (−39.75, −27.27) | <.0001* | −35.77 (−42.29, −29.25) | <.0001* |
| TANDs | |||||
| No | 16 (16.8) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 95 (83.2) | −21.89 (−31.20, −12.58) | <.0001* | −21.75 (−31.59, −11.93) | <.0001* |
| ADHD | |||||
| No | 46 (48.4) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 49 (51.6) | −10.58 (−18.02, −3.15) | .001* | −11.69 (−19.57, −3.80) | .004* |
| Social anxiety disorder | |||||
| No | 57 (60) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 38 (40) | −14.64 (−21.95, −7.34) | .001* | −15.00 (−22.58, −7.43) | <.0001* |
| Agoraphobia | |||||
| No | 80 (84.2) | Ref. | / | Ref. | / |
| Yes | 15 (15.8) | −14.93 (−25.09, −4.76) | .004* | −14.73 (−25.28, −4.17) | .007* |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; AED, antiepileptic drugs; HRSF, high reported seizure frequency (more than once per month); ID, intellectual disability; IQ, intelligence quotient; NMI, no mutation identified; TANDs, tuberous sclerosis–associated neuropsychiatric disorders.
Data are presented as n (%).
Model 1a: unadjusted
Model 1b: adjusted for gender (male/female), mother's years of education (≤9/9‐12/>12), father's years of education (≤9/9‐12/>12), monthly household income (RMB) (<5000/5000‐10 000/>10 000), and residence (suburban or rural/urban).